Case No.: IT-02-54-T
IN THE TRIAL CHAMBER
Before:
Judge Patrick Robinson, Presiding
Judge O-Gon Kwon
Judge Iain Bonomy
Registrar:
Mr. Hans Holthuis
Decision of:
7 December 2005
PROSECUTOR
v.
SLOBODAN
MILOSEVIC
_________________________________________________
DECISION
ON ADMISSIBILITY OF EXPERT REPORT OF VASILIJE KRESTIC
__________________________________________________
Office of the Prosecutor:
Ms. Carla Del Ponte
Mr. Geoffrey Nice
The Accused:
Mr. Slobodan Milosevic
Court Assigned Counsel:
Mr. Steven Kay, QC
Ms. Gillian Higgins
Amicus Curiae:
Prof. Timothy McCormack
THIS TRIAL CHAMBER of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 ("the International Tribunal"), is seized of a confidential "Prosecution’s Notice Pursuant to Rule 94 bis", filed on 15 July 2004 ("Motion"), concerning the report of the proposed expert witness, Vasilije Krestic, filed on 2 July 2004 ("Report"),
- The Report is entitled "Serbo-Croatian Conflicts – Causes and Effects", is a historical analysis to the break-up and conflict in the SFRY, and it deals with the following issues:
- The common history of Croats and Serbs in Croatia has been characterised by a long-standing conflict going back to the 16th and 17th centuries.
- The main cause of the conflict revolves around the policy embraced by prominent Croatians to create a Croatian state with a homogeneous Croatian "political" people, i.e. an ethnically pure Croatia or "Greater Croatian" policy, and that they had received assistance in this from other powers, including the Vatican which had assisted them in them in their ethnic cleansing operations.
- This "one state, one nation, one language" was to be achieved by all possible means; so, when ethnic Serbs resisted the eradication of their identity (ethnocide), Croatian politicians opted for physical destruction of the Serbs (genocide) during World War II.
- Since Yugoslavia stood in the way of an ethnically
pure Croatia, Croatian rulers, chiefly Tuđman,
decided to destroy Yugoslavia; Croats are therefore
responsible for the break-up of Yugoslavia and its consequences.
- The Prosecution argues in its Motion that the Report should be dismissed in its entirety on the basis, inter alia, that its content is irrelevant, in that (1) there is no "discernible connection" between the Report and the events relevant to the indictment; (2) that the Report sheds little light on the context "in which the crimes alleged in the indictments occurred or did not occur", and (3) the only possible connection between the Report and a possible case for the Accused is "a sort of historical tu quoque".
Furthermore, the Prosecution argues that Professor
Krestic is biased such that he is unqualified to
offer expert evidence to the Trial Chamber. In the
event that the Prosecution admits the Report, the
Prosecution indicates its wish to cross-examine Professor
Krestic.
- The Amici Curiae filed their "Response to Prosecution’s Notice Pursuant to Rule 94 bis Filed 15 July 2004" ("Response"), in which they submit, inter alia, that the Report is relevant in that (1) it deals with a number of issues raised by the Prosecution during the presentation of its case (relating to "Greater Serbia", Serbia’s territorial ambitions, dissolution of the SFRY, and the role of leading individuals in that dissolution); (2) it presents the Chamber with background in relation to the historical, socio-economic and cultural history of the relationship between the Serbs and Croats and contextualises pre-conflict pretensions preceding the conflict.
- Rule 94 bis (B) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence ("Rules") provides for the Prosecution to file a notice indicating whether
- it accepts the expert witness statement; or
- it wishes to cross-examine the expert witness; and
- it challenges the qualifications of the witness as an expert or the relevance of all or parts of the report and, if so, which parts.
The Prosecution has raised a challenge pursuant to Rule 94 bis (B) (iii) and has indicated its intention to cross-examine pursuant to Rule 94 bis (B) (ii). The Trial Chamber must therefore determine whether the qualifications of the witness as an expert have been established and the relevance of the Report, in full or in part.
- Professor Krestic is a scholar in historical science and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences
and Arts. The Prosecution has called into question
his independence, arguing that it is common knowledge
that the witness was, and still is, closely associated
with the Accused. It is true that the methodology
of the Report is questionable in a number of respects:
for example, it contains sweeping conclusions without
analysis and is poorly referenced. However, these
are matters that may be said to go to the weight
that the evidence is given and could be adequately
addressed by the Prosecution in cross-examination.
The "Biography of Vasilije Krestic" appended to his
Report shows that he is clearly qualified to testify
as an expert. The closeness, if any, of Professor
Krestic to the Accused is a matter the Prosecution
could explore in cross-examination, but it has not
established the existence of a relationship such
that he would be disqualified from testifying. The
Chamber is of the view that Professor Krestic is
sufficiently qualified and can envisage circumstances
in which he could testify before it as an expert.
- The Report is, however, ostensibly a reverse indictment for crimes alleged to have been committed by Croats against the Serbs in Croatia. The Report contains nothing of direct relevance to the alleged criminal responsibility of the Accused. It does not, in fact, address issues raised by the Prosecution, such as "Greater Serbia" or Serbia’s territorial ambitions, but instead is about a "Greater Croatia" policy, Croatian territorial ambitions and persecution of the Serbs by the Croats dating back to the mid-19th century and during World War II. The Report, while briefly touching upon the dissolution of the SFRY, proceeds merely to make conclusions that are properly findings which the Trial Chamber would have to make on the basis of evidence of what occurred. The Report could really only be of relevance were tu quoque a
defence open to the Accused. The Trial Chamber is
of the view that the content of the Report, in light
of the stage the proceedings have now reached, is
of such little relevance, if any, that it should
not be admitted into evidence and Professor Krestic
should not be called as a witness in the Accused’s
case.
PURSUANT TO Rules 94 bis and 54 of the Rules
HEREBY GRANTS the Prosecution Motion for the dismissal of the Report in its entirety.
Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative.
______________________
Judge Robinson
Presiding
Dated this seventh day of December 2005
At The Hague
The Netherlands
[Seal of the Tribunal]