Stakic case : Trial Chamber Judgement

1 - Bozana Stakic, 92 bis statement of 6 March 2003, p. 1.
2 - Bozana Stakic, 92 bis statement of 6 March 2003, p. 1 and 4.
3 - Bozana Stakic, 92 bis statement of 6 March 2003, p. 1.
4 - Witness Z, T. 7618-19.
5 - Slavica Popovic, T. 12759; Ranka Stanar, 92 bis statement of 28 February 2003, p. 1.
6 - Borislavka Dakic, T. 10332-33; Slavica Popovic, T. 12754-55, 12759; Ranka Stanar, 92 bis statement of 28 February 2003, p. 2.
7 - Founded by the Belgrade lawyer Veljko Guberina.
8 - Milan Rosic, T. 11953, and T. 11989-90; Slavica Popovic, T. 12756; Bozana Stakic, 92 bis statement of 6 March 2003, p. 1.
9 - Cedomir Vila, T. 11420.
10 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3635.
11 - Exh. SK2.
12 - Exh. SK12 and S94.
13 - Ranka Travar, 92 bis statement of 28 February 2003, T. 13460.
14 - Exh. S372.
15 - Bozana Stakic, 92 bis statement of 6 March 2003, p. 4.
16 - Borislavka Dakic, T. 10332-33.
17 - Borislavka Dakic, T. 10365.
18 - Exh. S178 and S403.
19 - Bozana Stakic, 92 bis statement of 6 March 2003, p. 5.
20 - Exh. D128.
21 - See infra E. 2. (a) (ii).
22 - See infra III. G.
23 - Exh. SK42, p. 2; Exh. D92, p. 11-12.
24 - See also: Exh. S227-1; Exh. D90, p. 14.
25 - Exh. S418; Exh. D92, p. 26.
26 - Exh. S39.
27 - Exh. S421.
28 - See generally Exh. S141.
29 - Ewan Brown, T. 8566-67.
30 - Robert J. Donia, T.1719-20; Muharem Mujadzic, T.3581-85.
31 - See supra para. 23
32 - Exh. SK42, p.2-4; Exh. D92, p.7-8.
33 - Robert J. Donia T. 1703-04; Exh. SK 42, p.3.
34 - Exh. SK42, p.2; Robert J. Donia, T. 1692-93.
35 - Exh. SK42, p.4-5; Exh. S17; Exh. S172; Exh. S190.
36 - Exh. SK42, p.5-6.
37 - Exh. S227-1
38 - Exh. S227-1
39 - Exh. SK 42, p. 1-2.
40 - Nerman Karagic T. 5254.
41 - Milovan Dragic, T. 10421; Milan Rosic, T. 11928; Witness DA, T. 9156; Momir Pusac, T. 10896-97; Mrs. Kovacevic, T. 10166; Witness JA, T. 10811; Cedomir Vila, T. 11269.
42 - Milovan Dragic, T. 10490-93; Milan Rosic, T. 11927; Milenko Plemic, T. 12011-12; Witness JA, T. 10766; Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11645-46; Mico Kos, T. 9803-04 and T. 9864; Witness DF, T. 10045; Borislava Dakic, T. 10318, T. 10341 and T. 10416; Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14558; Ljuban Jankovic, T. 12535-36.
43 - Witness A, T. 1819-21.
44 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2687.
45 - Witness B, T. 2211.
46 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5549-51.
47 - Exh. S151.
48 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7058.
49 - Exh. SK42, p.15
50 - Exh. SK42, p.13.
51 - Robert J. Donia, T. 1735; SK 42, p.6 and 14.
52 - Exh. SK42, p.16-17.
53 - Exh. SK42, p.17; D92-41.
54 - See supra para. 51.
55 - Exh. SK42, p.18.
56 - See supra para. 37.
57 - Exh. SK39.
58 - Exh. SK12 and S95.
59 - See supra para. 38.
60 - Exh. SK45; Exh. SK40; Exh. SK40.
61 - Exh. S96.
62 - Exh. SK42, p.20-21.
63 - Exh. S4.
64 - Exh. SK47.
65 - Exh. D99. According to “Kozarski Vjesnik” of 9 April 1993, in which Simo Drljaca was portrayed as Deputy Minister of Interior of the Serb Republic, it is reported that: “He executed his task so well that after six months Son the night of 29th to 30th May 1992] of illegal work, a force of 1775 well armed men in thirteen police stations was ready to carry out the difficult tasks in the time ahead.” Another source spoke about 1587 policemen, Exh. S137.
66 - Exh. S430.
67 - Exh. D56(b). On the underlying document, the date 1/5/1992 has been crossed out, which is consistent with the evidence suggesting that the takeover had been planned for 1 May 1992.
68 - Exh. D56(b).
69 - Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11656.
70 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10669.
71 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10755.
72 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10668.
73 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10672.
74 - Milovan Dragic, T. 10430; On the other hand, Mirsad Mujadzic testified that the authenticity of this dispatch was denied by the central government in Sarajevo, meaning that it was a forgery. Mirsad Mujadzic, T.3834-3838
75 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14499-14500.
76 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14493-14494.
77 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14435.
78 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14493-94.
79 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14495.
80 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14440.
81 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10676.
82 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10716-18.
83 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10758-59.
84 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10758-59.
85 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12836-38.
86 - See Ranko Travar, T. 13242-46; Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14439, doubtful however: Slavko Budimir, T. 12836-12838
87 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14437.
88 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2688-2689; Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 1597-1598; Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3669.
89 - Witness A, T. 1823.
90 - Witness B, T. 2207-08; Witness A, T. 1823.
91 - Cedomir Vila, T. 11334.
92 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3669.
93 - See inter alia: Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3610.
94 - Mrs. Kovacevic, T. 10213; Zoran Becner, T. 12503-04.
95 - See infra paras 102-103.
96 - Witness A, T. 1995-97.
97 - Cedomir Vila, T. 11334.
98 - Stoja Radakovic, T. 11041.
99 - Stoja Radakovic, T. 11114-17.
100 - Stoja Radakovic, T. 11117.
101 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14440-41.
102 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14502.
103 - Richard Wilmot, T. 14082
104 - Mrs.Kovacevic, T. 10193; Slavko Budimir, T. 12981; Ranko Travar, T. 13258.
105 - Goran Dragojevic, T. 11209; Richard Wilmot, T. 14009.
106 - Mico Kos, T. 9806-07.
107 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2688-89; Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 1597-1598; Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3669.
108 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2697.
109 - Witness A, T. 1833; Witness F, T. 1600.
110 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14745-46.
111 - Witness A, T. 1832-33
112 - Due to different translation, the terms “People’s Defence Council” and “National Defence Council” are used interchangeably.
113 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3607-08 and T. 3687.
114 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13009.
115 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13020-21.
116 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3608 and T. 3814.
117 - Exh. S274.
118 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12859; Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14449, and T. 14496-97.
119 - Exh. S28; Exh. S60 and Exh.S90.
120 - Exh. S60.
121 - Exh. S110, published as item 18 in Official Gazette no. 2/92, dated 25 June 1992 (admitted as exhibit S180) (hereafter “the Decision on the Organisation and Work of the Crisis Staff ”).
122 - Exh. S112 also published as item 19 in Official Gazette 2/92 (Exhibit S180).
123 - Slobodan Kuruzovic confirmed that this reflects the situation as it stood directly after the takeover, T. 14472.
124 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14560.
125 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14462.
126 - Ranko Travar, T. 13469-71.
127 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13139-40.
128 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12911-12 and T. 12971; Ranko Travar, T. 13374-77 and Exh. S106.
129 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13055-57.
130 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12879.
131 - Exh. S106.
132 - Ranko Travar, T. 13374-77.
133 - Ranko Travar, T. 13374-77 and Slavko Budimir, T. 12879.
134 - Ranko Travar, T. 13374-77. See also Slavko Budimir, T. 12913-14, who testified that Simo Drljaca and Dr. Stakic would occasionally drop by the centre.
135 - Milan Rosic, T. 11994; Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11696 and T. 11899-11900.
136 - Bozana Stakic, 92 bis statement, p.3.
137 - Exh. S73, Crisis Staff order dated 6 June 1992 regarding the compilation of lists and collection of money for the purchase of flour requesting “local staff commanders to establish the needs for other basic food items (oil, sugar, salt, fat, pasta) as well as Sthe needs] for items for personal hygiene (detergent, soap, toothpaste etc) and submit it to the Secretariat for Economic Affairs S…]”(also published as item 25, Official Gazette 2/92 (Exh. S180)); Exh. S250 Memorandum from the War Presidency of Prijedor municipality to the Prijedor Municipal Assembly on 24 July 1992 for the confirmation of the enactments of the Crisis Staff and War Presidency in the period between 29 May and 24 July 1992, refers to numerous decisions regarding local crisis staffs, including appointing presidents, vice-presidents, and members of the local crisis staffs in Ljubija, Prijedor Centre, Lamovita, Omarska, Tukovi, Orlovaca, Brezicani, Rakelici, Bozici, and Palanciste, listing decisions adopted on 6 June, 9 June, 17 June, 22 June, 14 July, 24 July.
138 - Exh. S62 (hereafter: Instructions).
139 - Exh. S92.
140 - The acronym “s.r.”, “svoje rucno”, meaning “by his own hand”, was used in the former Yugoslavia to indicate that an official document had been signed by the relevant competent official, Dusan Baltic, T. 8214.
141 - Exh. S206, published as item 168, Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BiH, No. 8/92 of 8 June 1992 (hereafter: Decision on War Presidencies).
142 - Exh. S11, p. 14.
143 - Exh. S249. See also Ranko Travar, T. 13272-75.
144 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12928.
145 - Exh. S11, p. 14.
146 - Report of Pavle Nikolic (Exh. D90), p. 49.
147 - Exh. S207, published as item 217, Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BiH, No. 10/92 of 30 June 1992 (hereafter: Decision on War Commissions).
148 - Exh. S261.
149 - Exh. S261.
150 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6568; Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic T. 1597; Witness W, T. 6806-07; Ljubica Kovacevic, T. 10213; Kasim Jaskic, 92 bis statement (Exh. S41/1), p. 3.
151 - Exh. D56b, as translated by Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11652.
152 - Witness A, T. 1825 and T. 2050.
153 - Witness R, T. 4267.
154 - Witness R, T. 4265-67.
155 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3703-04.
156 - Witness B, T. 2211.
157 - Witness B, T. 2284.
158 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5551.
159 - Witness A, T. 1819-20.
160 - Exh. S402.
161 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6618.
162 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6619.
163 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7058.
164 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T.3706-08.
165 - Defence historian, Srdja Trifkovic, T. 13946-47.
166 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6788-89
167 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6618.
168 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14458-59; Slavko Budimir, T. 13077-78. This is also corroborated by video footage, Exh. S7.
169 - Exh. SK12.
170 - Nusret Sivac, T. 10252-53.
171 - Exh. S276
172 - Exh. S21.
173 - Exh. S343.
174 - Exh. S28.
175 - Exh. S61, this document is typesigned “Stakic Dr. Milomir”.
176 - Exh. S141, and Ewan Brown, T. 8537-41.
177 - Exh. S141 and Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14638-39,
178 - Exh. S60.
179 - Exh. D125.
180 - Exh. S113, this is a copy of the relevant page of issue 2/92 of the Official Gazette of Prijedor Municipality, in which the Crisis Staff’s conclusion is published as item 97.
181 - Exh. S203, also this exhibit is a copy of the relevant page of issue 2/92 of the Official Gazette of Prijedor Municipality, item 55.
182 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14563.
183 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14470-71.
184 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14468, T. 14802, and T. 14615.
185 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14571, T. 14617, T. 14637-38.
186 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14805-14806. See also Exh. S433 “Supplies have been delivered in accordance with the decision of the Crisis Staff of the Serbian Municipality of Prijedor on the basis of which a report has been compiled and sent to the Crisis Staff and Garrison command.”
187 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14805-06.
188 - Goran Dragojevic, T. 11210-11; Zoran Prastalo, T. 12123
189 - Exh. S433.
190 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14807.
191 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13017.
192 - Exh. S268.
193 - Exh. S137.
194 - Exh. S28.
195 - Exh. S104.
196 - Exh. S140.
197 - Witness A, T. 1833; Witness B, T. 2280; Kasim Jaskic, 92 bis statement of 30 August 1994 and 26 March 2002, p.2.
198 - Witness V, T. 5723-24.
199 - Witness X, T. 6858.
200 - Witness H, 92 bis, transcript of testimony in Sikirica, IT-95-8-PT, T. 2257 (Exh. S33/1a); Witness Z, T. 7546.
201 - Witness A, T. 1834-35.
202 - Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4101-02.
203 - Witness B, T. 2209, Witness U, T. 6212.
204 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3840-42.
205 - Exh. S343.
206 - Exh. S61, this document is typesigned “Stakic Dr. Milomir”; Witness JA, T. 10805.
207 - See e.g. Witness C, T. 2376; Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2251; Witness I, 92 bis statement, p.1.
208 - Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4088. There does however appear to have been a decision in this case as exhibit S386 contains a decision of the Dr. Mladen Stojanovic Medical Centre dismissing Dr. Sadeta Beglerbegovic, dated 30 June 1992 on the basis of a decision adopted by the Crisis Staff on 29 June 1992.
209 - Exh. S86 is a decision appointing Ranko Šikman as acting director of the medical centre, replacing Risto Banovic. Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4089
210 - Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4092.
211 - Exh. S124b and 125b (Transcript for the English version)
212 - Both decisions contain the following preamble: “Pursuant to Article 75, paragraph 2, item 3 of the Law on Basic Rights Stemming from Employment, and in connection with the conclusions of the Crisis Staff of the Prijedor Municipality number 02111-132/92 of the 5th of June, 1992, I hereby issue a decision on the termination of employment.”
213 - Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4093-94.
214 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6615.
215 - Witness X, T. 6853.
216 - Exh. S45. This Decision is signed by Radoslav Brdanin and stamped, and contains the hand-written text “For immediate delivery to the president of the municipal Crisis Staff”.
217 - Exh. S46; the handwriting expert Cornelis Ten Kamp was unable to conclude whether this signature is Dr. Stakic’s due to the poor reproduction quality of the exhibit.
218 - Witness A, T. 1833; Witness B, T. 2213; Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2254
219 - Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T.4105.
220 - Witness I, 92 bis statement of 12 and 17 July 2001 (Exh. S34/1a), p.1.
221 - Charles McLeod, T. 5123-24 and Exh. S167.
222 - Barnabas Mayhew, T. 6063-64.
223 - Witness C, T. 2297.
224 - Witness C, T. 2297.
225 - Elvedin Nasic, statement 15 March 2000, p.2.
226 - Mirsad Mujadzic T. 3626 and T. 3697-99; Muharem Murselovic, T. 2699-2700; Witness O, T.3195-96.
227 - Nermin Karagic T. 5204-05; Witness Y, 92 bis transcript from Sikirica, T. 1380-81; Witness X, T.6855-56; Zoran Prastalo, T.12111; Witness DH, T. 13506-07; Borislava Dakic, T. 10322-24; and e.g. Exh. S268, S273, S349.
228 - Exh. S240-1.
229 - Exh. S240-1.
230 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3699-3700.
231 - Witness DH, T. 13504-07.
232 - Witness C, T. 2298-99; Witness O, T. 3195 and T. 3279; Witness B, T. 2215-2216; Muharem Murselovic, T. 2700-01; Nermin Karagic, T. 5290; Witness X, T. 6856-57; Witness DD, T. 9557; Nada Markovska, T. 9959; Cedomir Vila, T. 11286.
233 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3717. See also Exh. S240-1, where the reporter states that the Crisis Staff issued the ultimatum.
234 - Witness DD, T. 9557; Cedomir Vila, T. 11286.
235 - Witness O, T. 3279.
236 - Witness C, T. 2299; Witness E, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2497.
237 - Witness C, T. 2299; Nermin Karagic, T. 5290.
238 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5206-07.
239 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5556-57.
240 - Witness AA, statement of 9 October 2000, p. 3.
241 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3718.
242 - Elvedin Nasic, statement 15 March 2000, p.2; Ivo Atlija, T. 5661; Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3719-20 and 3723; Witness Q, T. 3918-21, T.4053-55.
243 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5558.
244 - Witness DH, T. 13569.
245 - Exh. S353 (emphasis added).
246 - Nada Markovska, T. 9959 and T. 10024-25.
247 - Exh. S349.
248 - Exh. S389-1.
249 - Exh.S389-1.
250 - Exh. S389-4
251 - Richard Wilmot, T. 14026; T. 14067 and T. 14069.
252 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2702; Witness P, T. 3313-15.
253 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7722; Witness DD, T. 9487.
254 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7118-19.
255 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7071, T. 7119; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7823.
256 - Witness O, T. 3196.
257 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1605; Witness T, T. 2620.
258 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6765; Witness T, T. 2620.
259 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7722.
260 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1604.
261 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1606-07.
262 - Witness P, T. 3328-31.
263 - Witness R, T. 4273. See also Witness U, T. 6215-16 and Samir Poljak, T. 6333-34.
264 - Nusret Sivac, T.6764-65.
265 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7123-24; Witness DH, T. 13518.
266 - Witness P, T. 3331.
267 - Witness P, T. 3329-30, T. 3335 and 3330.
268 - Jusuf Arifagic, T.7075.
269 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6767-68.
270 - Slavica Popovic, T. 12745.
271 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7137-38.
272 - Witness O, T. 3196.
273 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1609.
274 - Witness U, T. 6215-16 and Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7732.
275 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7733-34 and Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1609-10.
276 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T.1612-15; Witness R, T. 4275.
277 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7737-38.
278 - Witness R., T. 4274-75.
279 - Exh. S350 and D178.
280 - Exh. D175.
281 - Exh. S353, p.2.
282 - Exh. S389-3.
283 - Exh. S240
284 - Ewan Brown, T. 8798-8800.
285 - Ewan Brown, T. 8764-65.
286 - Richard Wilmot, T. 14027-31.
287 - Exh. S349.
288 - Exh. S350 and D178.
289 - See supra para.41-43.
290 - Exh. S107, p. 1 (emphasis added).
291 - Exh. S353.
292 - Exh. S407 (emphasis added).
293 - Exh. S407 (emphasis added).
294 - Exh. S152.
295 - Witness B, T. 2224-25 and T. 2248; Witness Y, 92 bis transcript from Sikirica, T. 1402 and T. 1462; Witness C, T. 2312; Witness K, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 4079-80.
296 - See generally Witness B, T. 2228-30; Witness K, 92 bis statement, paras 42-47; Witness Y, 92 bis transcript from Sikirica, T. 1399-1401; Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2258-60.
297 - Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11784.
298 - Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11868-69.
299 - Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11701.
300 - Cedo Vuleta, T. 11510-13 and T. 11543-44 and Exh. S353 indicating that the detainees were transferred to the camp on 27 May 1992 (see testimony of Cedo Vuleta, T. 11553-55), Muharem Murselovic, T. 2904.
301 - Branko Rosic, T. 12657-58 and T. 12699.
302 - Branko Rosic, T. 12715.
303 - Cedo Vuleta, T. 11608-09.
304 - Branko Rosic, T. 12711.
305 - See e.g. Nada Markovska, T. 10018; Cedo Vuleta, T. 11584.
306 - Exh. S353.
307 - Branko Rosic, T. 12658; Cedo Vuleta, T. 11541 and T. 11606; Witness P, T. 3360
308 - Branko Rosic, T. 12669 and T. 12662-63; Cedo Vuleta, T. 11610-11.
309 - Witness R, T. 4410; Milos Jankovic, T. 10697; Cedo Vuleta, T. 11516; Nada Markovska, T. 9923. This is also corroborated by Exh. S379, a list dated 21 June 1992, compiled by the War-time Police Station in Omarska, signed by Željko Mejakic, of the workers that will be providing security for the Omarska Collection Centre who need to be issued with special passes. The document indicates that apart from those on the list, the only people entering the collection compound will be police employees organised into shift with regular records kept.
310 - Branko Rosic, T. 12705.
311 - Branko Rosic, T. 12678-79. See also Cedo Vuleta, T. 11607 and Exh. S15-16-1.
312 - Branko Rosic, T. 12708-07, T. 12722 and Exh. S15-16-2.
313 - Exh. S107.
314 - Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5162.
315 - Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5162.
316 - Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5163.
317 - Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5163.
318 - Samir Poljak, T. 6356-57; Dzemel Deomic, 92 bis transcript from Tadic,T. 3270-71.
319 - Samir Poljak, T. 6357-58.
320 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2719-20.
321 - Witness H, 92 bis transcript Sikirica, T. 2273.
322 - Cedo Vuleta, T. 11603-05.
323 - Pero Rendic, 92 bis transcript from Kvocka, T. 7367.
324 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2721; Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript from Kvocka, T. 5164.
325 - Witness C, T. 2339; Witness R, T. 4306.
326 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2721 and T. 2736.
327 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7940-41.
328 - Branko Rosic, T. 12660-61; Cedo Vuleta, T. 11508; Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11733-34 and Exh. D69b (a document certifying the quality of the water in the Omarska mines).
329 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2721-22. One of the other detainees testified that the prisoners were given water that was used to clean the construction machines in the iron ore mine in Omarska and that, as a result, many of the detainees suffered from intestinal diseases. See Nusret Sivac, T. 6638, T. 6642.
330 - Nada Markovska, T. 10005; similarly, Cedo Vuleta, T. 11619-20; Exh. S407, p.3; Exh. S353, p. 4.
331 - Nada Markovska, T. 10005; similarly, Cedo Vuleta, T. 11619-20; Exh. S407, p.3; Exh. S353, p. 4.
332 - Nada Markovska, T. 10006-08.
333 - Dr. Popovic, T. 12791.
334 - Samir Poljak, T. 6375-76.
335 - Witness P, T. 3370-71 and Samir Poljak, T. 6376.
336 - Witness P, T. 3371.
337 - See supra para. 18.
338 - The elections were held on November 18, 1990. Robert J. Donia, T. 1692.
339 - See Exh. SK2, SK11, S19 and D19.
340 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14499-14500.
341 - “Kozarski Vjesnik”, 28 May 1993; see also Nusret Sivac, T. 10252-53.
342 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3051 and the letter she read in Court, T. 3113-14. See also S389-4, an article of “Kozarski Vjesnik” dated 24 May 1992.
343 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T.3052-54; Muharem Murselovic, T. 2707.
344 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3090-3109; Witness A, T. 1909; Nusret Sivac, T. 6629-30; and Witness DD, T. 9555.
345 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3094; Witness A, T. 1909; Nusret Sivac, T. 6629-30.
346 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3052-54.
347 - Slavica Popovic, T.12783, T. 12796-97. For the alleged fact that Dr. Popovic signed a death certificate for Professor Cehajic, See also Dr. Andzic, Kvocka transcript, T.7583. Slavica Popovic also told the Chamber that she had informed Dr. Cehajic of her husband being at Omarska. See T. 12783 and T. 12797.
348 - Zoran Prastalo, T. 12200
349 - See letter, T. 3113-14; also Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3159-60.
350 - Dr.Minka Cehajic, T. 3052-54.
351 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3075-77.
352 - Stoja Radakovic, T. 11031-32.
353 - Exh. S47, “Kozarski Vjesnik” from 28 May 1994.
354 - Exh. D246.
355 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3051.
356 - Dr.Minka Cehajic, T. 3090-3109.
357 - Exh. J18.
358 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3095
359 - See supra para. 170.
360 - Exh. S407.
361 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3077.
362 - Dr. Minka Cehajic, T. 3077.
363 - Witness DD, T. 9555; Nada Markovska, T. 9948.
364 - See e.g. Dr. Momir Pusac, T. 10961.
365 - Exh. S353, dated 16 August 1992.
366 - Exh. S407, dated 18 August 1992.
367 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14618 and T. 14451.
368 - Slobodan Kuruzovic T. 14451-52.
369 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7748-51.
370 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7751.
371 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7839-45; Nusret Sivac, T. 6687-88.
372 - Witness P, T. 3352; Charles McLeod, T. 5121; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7755.
373 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7752
374 - Charles McLeod, T. 5121.
375 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6691; Witness X, T. 6879 and Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7829-30.
376 - Witness F, 92 bis statement in Tadic, T. 1645; Witness DD, T. 9646; Witness DI, T. 13702.
377 - Witness JA, T. 10789.
378 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6783.
379 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7756-57.
380 - Witness F, 92 bis statement in Tadic T. 1645; Witness U, T. 6255.
381 - Witness P, T. 3352; Witness E, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2525; Witness I, statement 12 and 17 July 2001, p.4; Emsud Garibovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocha, T. 5823; Witness U, T. 6224; Witness Y, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1434-35; Witness DI, T. 13701; Muharem Murselovic, T. 9736.
382 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7861-62.
383 - Witness U, T. 6224; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7861-62.
384 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6688.
385 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7830-32.
386 - Witness B, 2248.
387 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7758, Witness F, T. 1654
388 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7759.
389 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6783-84.
390 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7961-62.
391 - Witness U, T. 6250.
392 - Witness DD, T. 9600-01.
393 - Witness DI, T. 13693-94.
394 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14781.
395 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14782.
396 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14721-23 and T. 14860-61.
397 - See e.g.: Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14867. ; Exh. D126 and D127.
398 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14758-59.
399 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14776; Exh. S187.
400 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14859; see supra paras 170 and 180.
401 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7799-7800.
402 - Exh. D92-90.
403 - Witness Y, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1386-87.
404 - Elvedin Nasic, statement 1995 p.3.
405 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5213-20.
406 - Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5157.
407 - Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5158-60.
408 - Witness R, T. 4283.
409 - Samir Poljak, T. 6347-49.
410 - Witness B, T. 2236; Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7095-96.
411 - Witness A, T. 1795.
412 - Witness C, T. 2314-15; Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1434.
413 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7097; Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1458. See also Witness K, Statement, 18 August 2000, paras 33-35
414 - Witness B, T. 2237. See also Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7101; Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1458.
415 - Witness B, T. 2238-39; Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7098; Witness Y, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica,KT. 1431 and Witness K, Statement, 18 August 2000, paras 36-37.
416 - Witness B, T. 2239.
417 - Witness E, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 2502 and T. 2510-17.
418 - Witness Q, T. 3973.
419 - Witness B, T. 2239-40, Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7098-99; Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1431 and Witness K, Statement, 18 August 2000,paras 36-37.
420 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7098.
421 - Witness B, T. 2239-40.
422 - Witness B, T. 2240. Witness Y estimated that there were between 200 and 300 bodies on the truck. Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1432.
423 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7099.
424 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7099; Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1431.
425 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7100; Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1434.
426 - Witness P, T. 3359-61.
427 - Witness P, T. 3362; Witness H, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 2279.
428 - Witness T, 92 bis transcript in Kvocha, T. 2743.
429 - Nicolas Sebire, T. 7370-71.
430 - Exh. S427, video of Mr. Prcac interview, ERN 0105-7521-0105-7522.
431 - According to Mr. Prcac, the number was 125, S427, video of Mr. Prcac interview, ERN 0105-7521-0105-7522.
432 - Witness B, T. 2243 and T. 2265.
433 - Witness B, T. 2243-44.
434 - Witness E, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2522–33.
435 - Witness E, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2527.
436 - Nicolas Sebire, T. 7361; see also Witness B, T. 2246.
437 - Nicolas Sebire, T. 7361-62.
438 - See e.g. Witness A, T. 1839 and Witness M, 92 bis statement, 6 August 2000, p. 8.
439 - Witness C, T. 2385. Muharem Murselovic, T. 2771-72.
440 - Witness X, T. 6886-87.
441 - Witness X, T. 6887.
442 - Witness X, T. 6896.
443 - Witness B, T. 2257.
444 - Witness X, T. 6896.
445 - Witness X, T. 6897.
446 - Witness X, T. 6899-6900; Witness B, T. 2261-62.
447 - Witness B, T. 2261-62.
448 - Witness X, T. 6900.
449 - Witness B, T. 2261-62.
450 - Witness X, T. 6900-02.
451 - Witness X, T. 6902-03.
452 - Witness X, T. 6904-06.
453 - Witness X, T. 6906-07.
454 - Witness X, T. 6914.
455 - Witness X, T. 6915-16.
456 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14531-32, T. 14872-74.
457 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14576.
458 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14577.
459 - Witness R, T. 4314.
460 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6634.
461 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6680.
462 - Witness R, T. 4318-20.
463 - Witness A, T.1920, Witness R, T. 4302, Nusret Sivac, T. 6686.
464 - Witness A, T.1920-21.
465 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6684-86, Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4148-49.
466 - Witness R, T. 4315 and T. 4318.
467 - Witness A, T.1909.
468 - Witness R, T. 4319.
469 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6680.
470 - Witness A, T. 1909, Nusret Sivac, T. 6629-30.
471 - Witness R, T. 4318-19.
472 - Witness A, T.1910-11. Kerim Mesanovic, who was detained in Omarska, saw Crnalic being killed. Krle, who was the shift commander was present and Zeljko, the camp commander was also there. Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5191.
473 - Witness A, T.1911.
474 - Witness R, T. 4319.
475 - Witness A, T. 1912. Mirsad Mujadzic testified that this individual was killed in Omarska because it was believed that he was politically involved. Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3737.
476 - Witness A, T.1921. Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3737.
477 - Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4148-49.
478 - Witness Z, T. 7560.
479 - Witness R, T. 4315.
480 - Witness R, T. 4314-15.
481 - Witness R, T. 4315.
482 - Witness R, T. 4315.
483 - Witness R, T. 4315.
484 - Emsud Garibovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5819-22, T. 5837 and T. 5839.
485 - Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4148.
486 - Witness R, T. 4304-14.
487 - Samir Poljak, T. 6374; Witness W, T. 6831.
488 - Witness R, T. 4304 and T. 4314.
489 - Witness A, T.1915-17.
490 - Samir Poljak, T. 6374.
491 - Witness R, T. 4320.
492 - Witness A, T.1914.
493 - Witness A, T.1911.
494 - Witness A, T.1913-14.
495 - Witness R, T. 4314; Samir Poljak, T. 6374.
496 - Witness A, T. 1913 and Nusret Sivac, T. 6680.
497 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6634.
498 - Witness A, T.1912.
499 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6634.
500 - Witness A, T.1911-12.
501 - Witness A, T. 1912; Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4148; Nusret Sivac, T. 6684-86; Witness Z, T. 7560.
502 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6680.
503 - Witness A, T. 1909
504 - Witness A, T. 1910.
505 - Witness A, T. 1913; Nusret Sivac, T. 6680.
506 - Witness R, T. 4318.
507 - Witness R, T. 4315.
508 - Witness A, T. 1920
509 - Witness A, T. 1915.
510 - Witness A, T. 1920.
511 - Witness A, T. 1919
512 - Witness R, T. 4318.
513 - Witness Z, T. 7560.
514 - Witness A, T. 1914.
515 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6686; Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4148-49; Witness Z, T. 7560.
516 - Witness A, T. 1917.
517 - Samir Poljak, T. 6373-74.
518 - Witness A, T.1911.
519 - Witness A, T. 1910; Dr. Beglerbegovic T. 4148-49; Nusret Sivac, T. 6686-87; Witness Z, T. 7560.
520 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6680.
521 - Witness A, T. 1913; Nusret Sivac, T. 6680.
522 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6686; Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4148-49; Witness Z, T. 7560.
523 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6686; Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4148-49; Witness A, T. 1914.
524 - Witness A, T. 1913.
525 - Witness A, T. 1920.
526 - Witness A, T. 1918.
527 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2766- 67; Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4120.
528 - Branko Rosic, T. 12662; Cedo Vuleta, T. 11579-81.
529 - Exh. S358.
530 - Witness O, T. 2233.
531 - Witness E, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 2508.
532 - Witness E, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T 2506-07.
533 - Witness E, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 2506-07.
534 - Witness E, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 2518.
535 - Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1421-25.
536 - Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1421-25.
537 - Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1421-25.
538 - Witness Y, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 1421-25.
539 - Witness O, T. 3216-17.
540 - Witness O, T. 3213.
541 - Witness K, statement 18 August 200, para. 24. Jusuf Arifagic also testified that he saw the dead body of Emsud Bahonjic on the garbage dump in Keraterm. Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7089-90.
542 - Witness E, 92 bis testimony in Sikirica, T. 2522-23 and T. 2527.
543 - Mustafa Mujkanovic, 92 bis transcript in Tadic,T. 3172.
544 - Mustafa Mujkanovic,92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 3184-87. In relation to the Foric brothers, Witness U, T. 6253-54.
545 - Witness W, T. 6835-37; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7786 who confirmed that five or six people with the name of Foric were taken from the camp and never seen again, Exh. S324.
546 - Witness X, T. 6882-83.
547 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7785-86.
548 - Witness Q, T. 3998 – 99.
549 - Witness P, T. 3357.
550 - Dzemel Deomic, T. 3272
551 - Witness T, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 2660-63.
552 - Witness A, T. 1887-88.
553 - Witness A, T. 1882-83.
554 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6681
555 - Witness C, T. 2331-37.
556 - Witness R, T. 4304, Witness T, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 2744-48.
557 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2732-36.
558 - Witness T, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 2732.
559 - Witness A, T. 1896.
560 - Witness C, T. 2331-32
561 - Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2275-76.
562 - Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2276.
563 - Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2276.
564 - Witness A, T. 1901.
565 - Witness A, T. 1901-02.
566 - Witness B, T. 2231-32, Witness K, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 4108.
567 - Witness B, T. 2232.
568 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7087.
569 - Witness C, T. 2314-15; Witness K, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 4036.
570 - Witness K, 92 bis statement, para. 15.
571 - Witness K, 92 bis statement, para. 23.
572 - Witness C, T. 2315.
573 - Witness Y, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 1394.
574 - Exh. S237-2
575 - Witness K, 92 bis statement, paras 28-29.
576 - Witness K, 92 bis statement, para. 31.
577 - Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2268.
578 - See, supra, para. 235.
579 - Witness B, T. 2243.
580 - Witness U, T. 6250.
581 - Exh. S321-16 and S321-17. See Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7784-85.
582 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 1655 and T. 1660.
583 - Pictures of the injuries sustained by two of the detainees were entered into evidence as Exh. S321-7 and S321-14; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7773 and T. 7778.
584 - Witness Q, T. 3958 and T. 3997
585 - Witness Q, T. 3958-59
586 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 1665-67 and Witness I, 92 bis statement 12 and 17 July 2001, p.4.
587 - Witness U, T. 6255-56; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7761; Nusret Sivac, T. 6690.
588 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7761-62.
589 - See infra Section III. F. 5. (c) d.
590 - Elvedin Nasic, 92 bis statement 1995, p. 3; and Nermin Karagic, T. 5217.
591 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5213.
592 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5220-23.
593 - See infra Section I. E. 5. (h).
594 - Elvedin Nasic, statement 15 January 1995, p.3.
595 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5228.
596 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5233.
597 - Witness A, T. 1849.
598 - Witness A, T. 1851.
599 - Witness A, T. 1851.
600 - Witness R, T. 4285; Witness A, T. 1851; Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5153
601 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6620-21.
602 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6620-21.
603 - Witness A, T. 1851.
604 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6620-21.
605 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6621
606 - See para. 196.
607 - See supra Section I. E. 1. (b-c)
608 - Witness U, T. 6246; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7739.
609 - Witness U, T. 6239-44; Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7739.
610 - Witness Q, T. 3937.
611 - Witness Q, T. 3947
612 - Witness Q, T. 3948; Exh. S15-25.
613 - Witness Q, T. 3950-54.
614 - Exh. S15-24; Witness Q, T. 3950-56.
615 - Prosecution Notice of Specific Allegations from the Fourth Amended Indictment which are conceded as not proven, 30 September 2002.
616 - Witness S, T. 5879-94.
617 - Witness S, T. 5894-96.
618 - Witness S, T. 5901-02.
619 - Witness S, T. 5902-03.
620 - Witness S, T. 5903-06.
621 - Witness S, T. 5906-07
622 - Witness S, T. 5908-10.
623 - Witness S, T. 5910-5912.
624 - Witness S, T. 5913-5914
625 - See Exh. S211/S.
626 - Witness S, T. 5917-5919.
627 - Witness S, T. 5922-5952. See also List of Victims known by name.
628 - Witness S, T. 5934
629 - Witness S, T. 5934.
630 - Witness S, T. 5933
631 - Witness S, T. 5959-60.
632 - Witness S, T. 5966.
633 - Witness S, T. 5966-68.
634 - Witness S, T. 5969-70 and Exh. S212.
635 - Witness C, T. 2344.
636 - Witness C, T. 2344.
637 - Witness C, T. 2344-45.
638 - Witness C, T. 2343-44.
639 - Witness C, T. 2345.
640 - Witness C, T. 2345.
641 - Witness I, 92 bis statement, 12 and 14 July 2001, p. 5.
642 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5603-11.
643 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5611 and T. 5614.
644 - Witness X, T. 6862-65.
645 - Witness X, T. 6870.
646 - Witness X, T. 6871-73.
647 - Witness C, T. 2310-11.
648 - Witness V, T. 5727-29.
649 - Witness V, T. 5730-38.
650 - Witness V, T. 5741-42.
651 - Witness M, 92 bis statement, paras 4-6.
652 - Witness Q, T.3928-31; Elvedin Nasic, 92 bis statement 1995, p.3. See also, Nermin Karagic, T. 5227-5528 and Exh. S169, photograph 2.
653 - Elvedin Nasic, 92 bis statement 1995, p.4.
654 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5226.
655 - See supra para. 246.
656 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5233-34.
657 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5235-37
658 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5238-41.
659 - Witness DD, T. 9637-38.
660 - Witness DD, T. 9638-40.
661 - Witness N, 92 bis statement, paras 2-3.
662 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5242 and Exh. S169, photograph 4; Elvedin Nasic, 92 bis statement, p. 4
663 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5244-47; Elvedin Nasic, 92 bis statement, p. 5.
664 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5247-50.
665 - Witness A, T. 1800-01
666 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6572-74.
667 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6574-75.
668 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6575.
669 - See e.g. Witness Z, T. 7565; Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4141; Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2256-57.
670 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6693.
671 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6693.
672 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6694.
673 - Minka Cehajic, T. 3073-5.
674 - Nijaz Kapetanovic, T. 2950-1.
675 - Witness B, T. 2214; Zoran Prastalo, T. 12259-12260.
676 - Exh. S58.
677 - Exh. S273, p. 2-3 (emphasis added).
678 - Richard Wilmot, T. 14034-37.
679 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5546-47 and T. 5571-73.
680 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5575.
681 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5589.
682 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 1649-50; Witness Q, T. 3920.
683 - Witness U, T. 6209; Kasim Jaskic, 92 bis statement, p. 3; Nusret Sivac, T. 6611; Minka Cehajic, T. 3098; Witness T, T. 2643.
684 - Witness V, T. 5739-40.
685 - Witness V, T. 5727-29.
686 - See supra Section I. E. 1. (b).
687 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7741; Nusret Sivac, T. 6611.
688 - See e.g. Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7836; Witness P, T. 3347 and 3349; Witness DI, T. 13704; Zoran Prastalo, T. 12259-60.
689 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 1646-49.
690 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7868 – 74 and Exh. S325 and 326.
691 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7910-12.
692 - Minka Cehajic, T. 3098.
693 - Witness T, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 2647.
694 - Witness S, T. 5906, T. 5910-11.
695 - Witness B, T. 2216-2217; Witness X, T. 6859.
696 - See supra Section I. E. 1. (a)
697 - Witness DD, T. 9483; Witness DE, T. 9695.
698 - Prosecution Notice of Specific Allegations from the Fourth Amended Indictment which are Conceded as Not Proven, 30 September 2002.
699 - Witness V, T. 5720; Witness B, T. 2219
700 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5270.
701 - Samir Poljak, T. 6332-34. See Section I. B.
702 - Exh. S251 (emphasis added).
703 - Exh. S358 (emphasis added).
704 - Prosecution Notice of Specific Allegations from the Fourth Amended Indictment which are conceded as not proven, 30 September 2002.
705 - Witness C, T. 2303 and Nermin Karagic, T. 5207.
706 - Prosecution Notice of Specific Allegations from the Fourth Amended Indictment which are conceded as not proven, 30 September 2002.
707 - See also infra (k).
708 - See infra para. 305
709 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6575.
710 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6575-76 and T. 6603-06; Exh. S213, photograph 4; Minka Cehajic, T. 3102; Witness B, T. 2214.
711 - Witness P, T. 3382.
712 - Witness U, T. 5882, Witness T, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 2624.
713 - Witness S, T. 5882 and T. 5928.
714 - See Witness S, T. 5926-27 and Exh. S210-10, 210-11, 210-12.
715 - Witness M, 92 bis statement 6 August 2000, p. 6.
716 - Exh. S186.
717 - Witness AA, 92 bis statement, 9 October 2000, p. 4.
718 - Nijaz Kapetanovic, T. 2952-54.
719 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6606 – 08.
720 - Minka Cehajic, T. 3102, Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica,T. 2257, Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4142, and Witness DF, T. 10099.
721 - Nijaz Kapetanovic, T. 2953; Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2257; Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4142.
722 - Exh. D29-1139.
723 - See infra, Section III. F. 5. (b) (i) (i)
724 - See e.g. Witness C, T. 2376; Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica. 2255; Witness I, statement of 12 and 17 July 2001, p.1; Witness M, 92 bis statement, 6 August 2000, p. 2.
725 - Nijaz Kapetanovic, T. 2949.
726 - See e.g. Nada Markovska, T. 9930 – 9931.
727 - Exh. S45, decision by the Crisis Staff of the ARK, dated 22 June 1992, provides that “All executive posts, posts involving a likely flow of information, posts involving the protection of public property, that is, all posts important for the functioning of the economy, may only be held by the personnel of Serbian nationality” and that these posts may not be held by persons of Serbian nationality who have not confirmed by Plebiscite or who in their minds have not made it ideologically clear that the Serbian Democratic Party is the sole representative of the Serbian people.” This decision contains the hand-written text “For immediate delivery to the president of the municipal Crisis Staff.” Exhibit S46, dated 23 June 1992, is a cover letter signed in Latin script “SMilomir”. The handwriting expert found the exhibit unsuitable for comparison, Exh. S114, Exh. S84. The Trial Chamber is cautioned by this, relies however on the sum of the corroborating evidence.
728 - Exh. S22, dated 4 May 1992; Exh. S27, dated 4 May 1992; Exh. S103, dated 7 May 1992.
729 - Exh. S250.
730 - See supra Section I. D. (d) (vi)
731 - Exh. D92-28; Exh. D92-43; Exh. D92-57; Exh. 92-77.
732 - Exh. 92-80.
733 - Witness B, T. 2244, Witness S, T. 5972.
734 - Witness B, T. 2257.
735 - See e.g. Witness B, T. 2257-59.
736 - See e.g. Witness C, T. 2343.
737 - Witness Z, T. 7580-81.
738 - See supra Section I. E. 3.(e-h)
739 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7982-7985.
740 - Witness B, T. 2281.
741 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14456 (emphasis added).
742 - Exh. S434, p. 9.
743 - Exh. S404.
744 - Exh. S405.
745 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13159.
746 - Exh. S5.
747 - Exh. S152, p. 4 (emphasis added).
748 - Exh. S354.
749 - Exh. S434, p. 9.
750 - Exh. S227-1
751 - Exh. D43-1.
752 - Exh. D43-1.
753 - Exh. D43-1.
754 - Exh. D43.
755 - Exh. D43.
756 - Exh. D43-1.
757 - Exh. S376, p. 31. The Instructions are signed by Milan Kovacevic.
758 - Exh. S11-2.
759 - Exh. S11-2, pp. 22-23.
760 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13141-13144.
761 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13144.
762 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13150.
763 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13036-13037.
764 - Minka Cehajic, T. 3104.
765 - Witness B, T. 2263.
766 - Exh. SK2 (“Kozarski Vjesnik” article “Déjà-vu?” dated 11 January 1991) p. 1; Exh. D19 (Minutes of extraordinary session of Prijedor Municipal Assembly, dated 17 February 1992); Exh. S19 (Extract from the Minutes of the meeting of businessmen and representatives of the Prijedor municipality, dated 21 April 1992) and Exh. SK11 (“Kozarski Vjesnik” article dated 20 September 1991); see also supra paras. 49, 76, 78.
767 - Exh. S94, minutes of the 11 September 1991 meeting of the SDS Municipal Board.
768 - Exh. S4, “Kozarski Vjesnik” article “Government of the Serbian Municipality elected”, dated 24 April 1992; Exh. S6, “Kozarski Vjesnik” article “Serbs live in this municipality as well”, dated 31 January 1992; Exh. S47, “Kozarski Vjesnik” article, dated 28 April 1994, “SDA had a detailed plan for the liquidation of Serbs”; Exh. S91, pp. 653-654.
769 - Exh. S112 and item 19 in Official Gazette 2/92 (Exh. S180); Exh. S187, p.1; Exh. S91 p. 653.
770 - Exh. S28, minutes of the 5 May 1992 meeting of the Prijedor People’s Defence Council, typesigned “President of the People’s Defence Council, Stakic Dr. Milomir, s.r.”; Exh. S60, minutes of the People’s Defence Council session on 15 May 1992, typesigned “President of the People’s Defence Council, Stakic Dr. Milomir”; Exh. S90, dated 29 Sept. 1992, typesigned President National Defence Council Stakic Dr. Milomir, “s.r.”; Exh. S318, Conclusions of the 18 May 1992 meeting of the Prijedor People’s Defence Council meeting, signed “SMilomir” and stamped with the official stamp of the People’s Defence Council.
771 - The Decision on appointments to the Prijedor Municipal Crisis Staff is found in item 19 of the Official Gazette of Prijedor Municipality, Exh. S180.
772 - Exh. SK12, minutes of 11 September 1991.
773 - Exh. SK12, minutes of 28 October 1991.
774 - Exh. SK12, minutes of 2 December 1991. See also supra paras 57-58.
775 - Exh. SK12; Exh. S95. The minutes are unsigned but contain references at the end to the President of the Municipal Board, Simo Miskovic and the recording clerk Vinko Kos.
776 - Note the confusion here caused by the fact that the minutes incorrectly describe the two Variants A and B as versions I and II, and refers to the two stages of each Variant as sections A and B.
777 - Exh. SK12.
778 - Exh. SK12.
779 - Robert Donia, T. 1760, Muharem Murselovic, T. 2868; Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3634, Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14434. Two “Kozarski Vjesnik” articles reporting on interviews with Dr. Stakic establish that the parallel Assembly was established on 7 January 1992 and that Dr. Stakic was appointed its first president. See Exh. S6, “Kozarski Vjesnik” article “Serbs live in this municipality as well”, dated 31 January 1992; Exh. S47, “Kozarski Vjesnik” article, dated 28 April 1994, “SDA had a detailed plan for the liquidation of Serbs”.
780 - Exh. SK45.
781 - Exh. S91.
782 - Exh. SK40, a “Kozarski Vjesnik” article dated 10 February 1992. See also Robert Donia, T. 1761 – 62.
783 - Report of Robert Donia, p. 20.
784 - Robert Donia, T. 1767;
785 - Exh. S96.
786 - According to the handwriting expert this signature was written fluently, judging by its line quality, and was used as a reference signature. Exh. S288, p. 6.
787 - Exh. SK46.
788 - Exh. SK46.
789 - Exh. SK46, p. 2.
790 - See supra para 71.
791 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2696.
792 - e.g. Witness Z, T. 7535.
793 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14462.
794 - See Exh. S60; Exh. S180, item 19.
795 - Exh. S60. See also Slavko Budimir, T. 12865-66. Slobodan Kuruzovic testified that the most likely reason for Dr. Stakic to have proposed a military representative for the Crisis Staff was “because of the cooperation between the police, the army and the security organs.” Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14683.
796 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14683.
797 - See Exh. S106 - a letter from the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Autonomous Region of Krajina, Prijedor Municipality, Crisis Staff, dated 22 May 1992 and signed by Dr. Milomir Stakic, alerting all commercial and social enterprises that the Crisis Staff will henceforth assume permanent operational duty in the civilian sector on the territory of the municipality.
798 - Report of Pavle Nikolic, p. 48 in Simic, admitted under Rule 92 bis in the Stakic case.
799 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14591.
800 - Exh. S319, dated 18 May 1992. The conclusions are typesigned “President of the Crisis Staff, Radoslav Brdanin, s.r.”. The conclusions were also found in item 17 of Exh. S109, the Official Gazette of the Autonomous Region of Krajina, no. 2/92.
801 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12887-88, 12919; Ranko Travar, T. 13273.
802 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14463-64; Dusan Baltic, T. 8316.
803 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12878.
804 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12922.
805 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14464.
806 - Exh. S206, “Decision on the Formation of War Presidencies in Municipalities in Times of War or the Immediate Threat of War” (hereafter “the Decision on War Presidencies”), published in item 168 of the Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BiH, No. 8/92 of 8 June 1992.
807 - Exh. S249.
808 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12928.
809 - Report of Pavle Nikolic, p. 49 in Simic.
810 - Exh. S11.
811 - Exh. S207, item 217, Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BiH, No. 10/92 of 30 June 199 (hereinafter “the Decision on War Commissions”), published in item 217 of the Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BiH, No. 10/92 of 30 June 1992.
812 - Exh. S261.
813 - Exh. S261.
814 - Exh. S255, S260 and S261; Slavko Budimir, T. 13138.
815 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13136.
816 - Exh. S28.
817 - Exh. S60.
818 - Exh. S60.
819 - Exh. S60.
820 - Exh. S90.
821 - Exh. S90.
822 - Exh. D92-99.
823 - Exh. S187, p. 7.
824 - Exh. S353.
825 - Exh. S240-1, pp.7-8.
826 - See e.g. Exh. S240, S349, S351, and S359.
827 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6662.
828 - Exh. S274.
829 - Exh. S274.
830 - Exh. S114.
831 - Exh. J13.
832 - Exh. S115.
833 - Charles McLeod, T. 5181.
834 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2699.
835 - Witness DD, T. 9568-70.
836 - Zoran Prastalo, T. 12257-58.
837 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12927.
838 - Exh. S432, signed by Simo Drljaca and stamped SJB Prijedor.
839 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14790-91.
840 - Exh. S10; Exh. S11; Exh. S157.
841 - Exh. S157.
842 - Richard Wilmot, T. 14002-05.
843 - Exh. S187.
844 - Richard Wilmot, T. 14117-18.
845 - Exh. D99.
846 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12888, 12908, T. 13003; Ljubica Kovacevic, T. 10217 and Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14510.
847 - Ranko Travar, T. 13389.
848 - Mico Kos, T. 9844-49; Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14609.
849 - See supra para. 19 and infra para. 552 on the limitation of the case.
850 - Exh. S187 (emphasis added).
851 - Exh. S107. As regards reliability, this Order is signed by Simo Drljaca and also contains the official stamp of the Prijedor SJB. In addition, the list of receptions on the last page of the Order lists the Prijedor Crisis Staff first.
852 - Exh. S407, p. 1 (emphasis added). Very similar information is found in Exh. S353, p. 4.
853 - Exh. S250, p. 5.
854 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14716 and T. 14813.
855 - Exh. S251, p. 2 (emphasis added).
856 - Exh. D137.
857 - Exh. S353.
858 - Exh. J13.
859 - The two Conclusions are dated 31 May 1992. See also Exh. S115; Exh. S114.
860 - Exh. S250.
861 - Exh. S250.
862 - Exh. S250. This conclusion is also referred to in Exh. S116.
863 - Exh. S64.
864 - Exh. S288, p. 5.
865 - Exh. S250, p.6.
866 - Exh. S433.
867 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7912-13.
868 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7913 and T. 8080.
869 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7923.
870 - Exh. S151, p.1.
871 - Exh. J22.
872 - Exh. S187-1, p.7.
873 - Exh. S187-1, p.5.
874 - Exh. S187-1, pp. 4-5
875 - Exh. S365-1, p. 2
876 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14547.
877 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14588-89.
878 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14589.
879 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14590.
880 - Witness A, T. 2047, Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14590.
881 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6640, 6648, 6697, 10276-77, 10289.
882 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6646-47.
883 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6640-41.
884 - Nada Markovska, T. 9930, 9970, 10004; Cedo Vuleta T. 11559, 11617-19.
885 - Nada Markovska, T. 9927, 9973.
886 - Cedo Vuleta T. 11612-14.
887 - Nada Markovska claimed neither to have seen Dr. Stakic that day, nor ever in Omarska; T. 9929-30, 9971-73; Cedo Vuleta did not see Dr. Stakic on that day in Omarska. T. 11550.
888 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6552-6554; T. 2264 and Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-AR73.4, Decision on the Prosecution motion seeking leave to appeal the decision of Trial Chamber II ordering an identification parade, 28 June 2002.
889 - Exh. S187-1, p. 7
890 - Exh. S187-1, p. 8
891 - Exh. S187-1, p. 3
892 - Milos Jankovic, T. 10739-40, Slavko Budimir, T. 13144, Ostoja Marjanovic, T. 11707-08; Stoja Radakovic, T. 11079; Witness Z, T. 7559.
893 - Exh. S158.
894 - Exh. S196.
895 - Charles McLeod, T. 5131.
896 - Exh. S166.
897 - Exh. S166.
898 - Witness Z, T. 7558-7560.
899 - Exh. S358 (emphasis added).
900 - S/25704, 3 May 1993.
901 - Ibid, para. 34.
902 - UNTS vol. 1155, p. 339, in force for Yugoslavia from 27 January 1980, succeeded to by Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 September 1993 and by Serbia and Montenegro on 12 March 2001. See also Tadic Decision on Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, paras 79-93, describing the interpretation of Articles 2 and 3 of the Statute in accordance with the relevant conventions.
903 - Trial of Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 Nov 1945 – 1 Oct 1946.
904 - The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Tokyo, 29 April 1946 – 12 November 1948.
905 - Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10 (Department of State Bulletin, 15 (384), 10 November 1946, 862).
906 - East Timorese Transitional Administration, Dili District Court, Special Panel for Serious Crimes.
907 - See Defence Final Brief, paras 33-42.
908 - Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgement of Acquittal, 31 October 2002, para. 108.
909 - While the Trial Chamber views the terms “superior responsibility” and “command responsibility” as synonymous, in this Judgement it will use the term “superior” rather than “commander” with regard to Dr. Stakic, as he was not a member of the military and the term “commander” is more commonly used when describing persons in a military or para-military structure vested with some form of authority.
910 - Indictment, para. 37.
911 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 156.
912 - Indictment, paras 26 and 28.
913 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 107, citing the Tadic Appeal Judgement, para. 227.
914 - Ibid, para. 108.
915 - Ibid, para 108.
916 - Ibid.
917 - Ibid.
918 - Prosecution’s Response to “Defence Final Trial Brief”, pp .3-4.
919 - Tadic Appeal Judgement, para. 228; Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 366; Prosecution’s Response to “Defence Final Trial Brief”, pp.2-3.
920 - Defence Final Trial Brief, paras 168 and 170.
921 - Ibid, para. 178.
922 - Ibid, para. 171.
923 - Ibid, para. 172, citing the Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 80
924 - Ibid, para. 187, citing the Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 81.
925 - Ibid, para. 190.
926 - Ibid, para. 190.
927 - Ibid, paras 188, 191.
928 - Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise, 21 May 2003, para. 21.
929 - Tadic Appeal Judgement, para. 188.
930 - Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise, para. 20.
931 - Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise, para. 20.
932 - Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise, paras 20 and 31.
933 - Tadic Appeal Judgement, para. 227.
934 - Tadic Appeal Judgement, para. 227; Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 80.
935 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 66; Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 80.
936 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 67; Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 81.
937 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 67; Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 82.
938 - Tadic Appeal Judgement, paras 190-206.
939 - Tadic Appeal Judgement, paras 204-220, and particularly para. 206.
940 - Insertion added.
941 - Tadic Appeal Judgement, para. 220.
942 - Indirect participation in German Law (mittelbare Täterschaft) or “the perpetrator behind the perpetrator”; terms normally used in the context of white collar crime or other forms of organised crime
943 - Kvocka Trial Judgement, para. 251.
944 - In this context the term ‘accomplice’ is used interchangeably with ‘co-perpetrator’ ( added). See also Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 77.
945 - Roxin, Claus, Täterschaft und Tatherrschaft (Perpetration and control over the act), 6th Edition, Berlin, New York, 1994, p. 278.
946 - Roxin, Claus, Täterschaft und Tatherrschaft (Perpetration and control over the act), 6th Edition, Berlin, New York, 1994, p. 278.
947 - Roxin, Claus, Täterschaft und Tatherrschaft (Perpetration and control over the act), 6th Edition, Berlin, New York, 1994, p. 278.
948 - Ibid. p. 279
949 - See supra Roxin as one example for the Civil Law approach. For the Common Law approach see: Sworth, Andrew, Principals of Criminal Law, 2nd Edition, Oxford 1995, p. 409 ff and Fletcher, George P., Rethinking Criminal Law, Oxford, 2000, p. 637ff.
950 - e.g. “membership in a criminal organization”.
951 - Defence Final Brief, paras 168, 170, and 178.
952 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 601.
953 - Kordic Trial Judgement para. 386.
954 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 161, citing the Blaskic Trial Judgement, paras 281-282 and Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 388.
955 - Ibid.
956 - Ibid.
957 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 601.
958 - Blaskic Trial Judgement, paras 278 and282.
959 - Prosecution’s Final Brief, para. 91, citing Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 76.
960 - Prosecution’s Final Pre-trial Brief (Revised April 2002) of 5 April 2002, para. 145, and Prosecution Final Trial Brief of 5 May 2003, para. 92.
961 - See Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 91, citing Hadzihasanovic Jurisdiction Decision, para. 179. The Prosecution also referred to para. 174 “…the purpose of command responsibility is to ensure that persons vested with responsibility over others fulfil their duty to ensure that their subordinates do not commit criminal acts. The absence of an express limitation—or an additional element or jurisdictional requirement—in the language of Article 7(3) was deemed as evidence that under customary law the doctrine of command responsibility could be applied to non-military superiors. Likewise, this Trial Chamber observes ?thatg the absence of any express limitation, or conversely, any requirement of an international armed conflict—or even armed conflict—on the applicability of the doctrine of command responsibility would indicate that the doctrine applies regardless of the nature of the conflict.”
962 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 93, citing Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 378; see also Celebici Appeal Judgement, paras 192 and 256.
963 - Ibid, citing the Bagilishema Appeal Judgement, paras 50, 52, and 55.
964 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 96, citing Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 238.
965 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 96, citing Bagilishema Appeal Judgement, paras. 27-30.
966 - Prosecution Final Pre-trial Brief, para. 97, 285, citing the Delalic Appeal Judgement, para. 394.
967 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 101, citing the Delalic Trial Judgement, para. 395.
968 - Ibid.
969 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 102, citing the Kordic, Trial Judgement, para. 445.
970 - Ibid, citing Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 446.
971 - Ibid.
972 - Defence Final Brief, para. 212.
973 - Ibid, para. 213.
974 - Ibid, para. 216, citing the Delalic Trial Judgement, para. 378.
975 - Ibid, para. 216. citing the Delalic Trial Judgement, para. 378
976 - Ibid, citing the Delalic Appeal Judgement, para. 266.
977 - Ibid, para. 217.
978 - Ibid, para. 218.
979 - Ibid, citing Kordic Trial Judgement, paras 421-424.
980 - Ibid, again citing Kordic Trial Judgement, paras 421-424.
981 - Ibid, para. 219, citing Delalic Trial Judgement, para. 377.
982 - Ibid, para. 236, citing Kunrac Trial Judgement, para.
983 - Ibid, para. 245, citing Delalic Trial Judgement, para. 395.
984 - Ibid, para. 245.
985 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 72.
986 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 195.
987 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 303. See also ICRC Commentary on Additional Protocol I, para. 3544.
988 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, paras 193, 197, (formal letter of commission or appointment is not necessary). A de facto superior must “wield substantially similar powers of control over subordinates” as a de jure superior.
989 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, paras 195-96 and 240; Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 76.
990 - Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 370.
991 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 252.
992 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 197.
993 - Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 378, affirmed in Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 256.
994 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 266.
995 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 196-98. See also, Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 76.
996 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 197.
997 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 239.
998 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 223 and 241.
999 - Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 386, citing Final Report of the Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), (UN Document S/1994/674), para. 58.
1000 - Aleksovski Trial Judgement, para. 80.
1001 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 226.
1002 - Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 395.
1003 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 95.
1004 - Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 395.
1005 - Blaskic Trial Judgement, para. 335.
1006 - Blaskic Trial Judgement, para. 336.
1007 - See, e.g., Blaskic Trial Judgement and Kordic Trial Judgement.
1008 - Kordic Trial Judgement, paras 830-831, 836-837 and 842-843; Blaskic Trial Judgement, paras. 744-754.
1009 - Krstic Trial Judgement; Krnojelac Trial Judgement.
1010 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, paras 173, 316, and 496.
1011 - Blaskic Trial Judgement, para. 337.
1012 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 173.
1013 - The Trial Chamber declines to follow the practice at the Rwanda Tribunal of finding that acts such as “ordering” or “committing” which clearly fall under Article 7(1) can be used to satisfy the mental element of “knew or had reason to know”, thereby merging the responsibility as a superior for direct acts with the theory of superior responsibility or imputed responsibility for acts of subordinates. See, e.g., Prosecutor v. Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana, Judgement, 21 May 1999, Article 7(3) convictions upheld on appeal, Prosecutor v. Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana, Judgement (Reasons), 1 June 2001.
1014 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, paras 173 and 496; see also Naletilic and Martinovic Trial Judgement, para. 81.
1015 - Exh. SK39.
1016 - Exh. SK39, p.2.
1017 - Minutes of the SDS Prijedor Municipal Board (1991), Exh. SK12.
1018 - Exh. SK45.
1019 - Exh. S96.
1020 - Exh. S141, p. 13-15.
1021 - Exh. S141.
1022 - Exh. S268.
1023 - Ewan Brown, T. 8600-01
1024 - Exh. S345, para. 2.
1025 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2844, T. 2864; Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4084.
1026 - Kasim Jasic, 92 bis statement, 30 August 1994, p. 2.
1027 - Mevludin Sejmenovic: T. 4481-82, T. 5441-42.
1028 - Exh. S252, Kozarski Vjesnik article 7 August 1992.
1029 - Exh. S107.
1030 - Exh. S187-1.
1031 - See supra Section I. D. 1.
1032 - Exh. S28 and Exh. S60.
1033 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14559-60; Slavko Budimir, T. 12865-66, for the agenda see Exh. S60.
1034 - Slavko Budimir, T. 12865-66.
1035 - Witness O, T. 3232-33; Slavko Budimir, T. 12910.
1036 - Witness Z, T. 7563; Milovan Dragic, T. 10526; Exh. S7; Exh. S157.
1037 - Exh. S28.
1038 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13058-59.
1039 - Exh. S28.
1040 - Exh. S433.
1041 - Exh. S78.
1042 - Exh. S77.
1043 - Exh. S433.
1044 - Exh. S433 (emphasis added).
1045 - Exh. S433 (emphasis added).
1046 - Exh. S79.
1047 - Exh. S114; Exh. S115
1048 - Exh. S69.
1049 - Exh. S250.
1050 - Exh. S251 (emphasis added).
1051 - Exh. D92-96.
1052 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13005.
1053 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2864.
1054 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2868.
1055 - Dr. Beglerbegovic, T. 4084-88.
1056 - Exh. D92-99.
1057 - Exh. S151. The Trial Chamber is aware that Dr. Stakic was also described as the Prijedor mayor in a "Kozarski Vjesnik" article dated 23 October 1993, but as it falls outside the period of Indictment, the Chamber has not relied upon Exh. D92-92.
1058 - Exh. S166.
1059 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7913-14 and T. 8080.
1060 - Exh. S240, The Accused used the word ‘ciscenje’.
1061 - Exh. S240-1a.
1062 - Exh. S187, p.4 (emphasis added)
1063 - 78 UNTS 277, in force as of 12 January 1951. The Convention was ratified by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 August 1950. The Convention was implemented in the SFRY in the Criminal Code of 1977 (Articles 141 and 145). See the Criminal Code of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia adopted by the SFRY Assembly at the Session of the Federal Council held on 28 September 1976; declared by a decree of the President of the Republic on 28 September 1976; published in the Official Gazette SFRY No. 44 of 8 October 1976; a correction was made in the Official Gazette SFRJ No. 36 of 15 July 1977; took effect on 1 July 1977 (“SFRY Criminal Code”).
1064 - See Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, (1951) ICJ Reports 23; and Prosecutor v. Goran Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10, Judgement, 14 December 1999 (“Jelisic Trial Judgement”) para. 60, with further references.
1065 - In this respect the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is of limited assistance as an aid to the interpretation of the provisions on genocide under the ICTY Statute.
1066 - Signed 23 May 1969, 1155 UNTS 339, in force for Yugoslavia from 27 January 1980, succeeded to by BiH on 1 September 1993 and by Serbia and Montenegro on 12 March 2001.
1067 - Prosecutor v. Kambanda, Case No. ICTR-97-23-S, Judgement and Sentence, 4 September 1998 (“Kambanda Sentencing Judgement”) para. 16. See also Prosecutor v. Omar Serushago, Case No. ICTR-98-39-S, Judgement, 5 February 1999 (“Serushago Sentence”), para. 15.
1068 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, p. 64, para.2.
1069 - This Trial Chamber does not agree that the word “minority” should appear before the word “groups” as in Judge Wald’s original description and the word “minority” has therefore been omitted from the quotation.
1070 - Decision on Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgement of Acquittal, 31 October 2002.
1071 - See sections (ii)(f) and (b) below.
1072 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 174 (emphasis in the original).
1073 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 194.
1074 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 196.
1075 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 214.
1076 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 232.
1077 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 234.
1078 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 248.
1079 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 249.
1080 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para 252-262.
1081 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, paras 263-265.
1082 - This principle relates to the facts rather than the law.
1083 - Defence Final Brief, para. 299.
1084 - Defence Final Brief, paras 303-305.
1085 - Defence Final Brief, paras 313- 314, quoting Sikirica et al. Judgement on Defence Motions to Acquit, para. 89.
1086 - Defence Final Brief, paras 315-316.
1087 - Defence Final Brief, para. 321.
1088 - Jelisic Trial Judgement, para. 71.
1089 - As charged in the Fourth Amended Indictment, para. 40.
1090 - See Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana, Case ICTR-95-1-A, Judgement, 1 June 2001 (“Kayishema and Ruzindana Appeal Judgement”) para. 151; Akayesu Trial Judgement, paras 500-01.
1091 - Akayesu Trial Judgement, paras 502-4; Kayishema and Ruzindana Trial Judgement, paras 108-110.
1092 - Akayesu Trial Judgement, paras 505-6.
1093 - Kayishema and Ruzindana Trial Judgement, paras 115-116.
1094 - UN Doc. A/C.6/217 (Belgian proposal); UN Doc. A/C.6/SR.82 (Soviet amendment).
1095 - Akayesu Trial Judgement, para. 505.
1096 - Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-eighth Session, 6 May- 26 July 1996, UN Doc. A/51/10, pp. 90-91.
1097 - K. Kreß, Münchner Kommentar zum StGB, Rn 57, §6 VStGB, (Munich 2003), W. A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 200. The German courts have found that the expulsion of Bosnian Muslims from the areas in which they lived did not constitute genocide. See BGH v. 21.2.2001 – 3 StR 244/00, NJW 2001, 2732 (2733).
1098 - K. Kreß, Münchner Kommentar zum StGB, Rn 57, §6 VStGB, (Munich 2003).
1099 - A/C.6/234, see UN GAOR, 3rd Session, Sixth Committee, Summary Records of Meetings, 21 September to 10 December 1948, p. 176 and 186. For further details see K. Kreß, Münchner Kommentar zum StGB, Rn 53-57, 57, §6 VStGB, (Munich 2003).
1100 - Jelisic Appeal Judgement, paras 45-46: “This intent has been referred to as, for example, special intent, specific intent, dolus specialis, particular intent and genocidal intent. The Appeals Chamber will use the term ‘specific intent’ to describe the intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such. The specific intent requires that the perpetrator, by one of the prohibited acts enumerated in Article 4 of the Statute, seeks to achieve the destruction, in whole or in part, of a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such.” Akayesu Trial Judgement, para. 498: “Genocide is distinct from other crimes inasmuch as it embodies a special intent or dolus specialis. Special intent of a crime is the specific intention, required as a constitutive element of the crime, which demands that the perpetrator clearly seeks to produce the act charged. Thus, the special intent in the crime of genocide lies in “the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such.” The issue was not discussed on appeal in the Akayesu or Ruzindana cases. Prosecutor v Georges Anderson Nderubumwe Rutaganda, Case No. ICTR-96-3-A, Judgement, 26 May 2003, (Rutaganda Appeal Judgement), para. 524: “Conformément au Statut, l’intention spécifique implique donc que l’auteur cherche à détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux, comme tel et ce, au moyen de l’un des actes énumérés à l’article 2 dudit Statut. La preuve de l’intention spécifique requiert qu’il soit établie que les actes énumérés ont été, d’une part, dirigés contre un groupe visé à l’article 2 du Statut et, d’autre part, commis avec le dessein de détruire en tout ou en partie ledit groupe, en tant que tel.”
1101 - See N. Robinson, The Genocide Convention: A Commentary, (New York, 1960), p. 60.
1102 - Jelisic Trial Judgement, para. 79.
1103 - Sikirica et al. Judgement on Defence Motions to Acquit, para. 89.
1104 - See e.g. N. Jørgensen, “The Genocide Acquittal in the Sikirica Case Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Coming of Age of the Guilty Plea”, (2002) 15 Leiden Journal of International Law, p. 389, at p. 394.
1105 - Prosecutor v Laurent Semanza, Case No. ICTR-97-20-T, Judgement and Sentence, 15 May 2003, (“Semanza Trial Judgement and Sentence”), para. 316.
1106 - The Trial Chamber concludes from this that it is not necessary to establish, with the assistance of a demographer, the size of the victimised population in numerical terms.
1107 - See Akayesu Trial Judgement, paras. 704, 733; Jelisic Trial Judgement, para. 83; Sikirica et al. Judgement on Defence Motions to Acquit, para. 68.
1108 - See e.g. W. Schabas, “Was genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? First Judgements of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia”, (November 2001) Fordham International Law Journal, p. 23, at pp. 42-43: “Although the concept of genocide on a limited geographic scale seems perfectly compatible with the object and purpose of the Convention, it does raise questions relating to the plan or policy issue. Localized genocide may tend to suggest the absence of a plan or policy on a national level, and while it may result in convictions of low-level officials within the municipality or region, it may also create a presumption that the crime was not in fact organized on a larger scale.”
1109 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 590.
1110 - Ibid.
1111 - Sikirica et al. Judgement on Defence Motions to Acquit, paras 65, 76-85.
1112 - Akayesu Trial Judgement, paras. 523-4; Prosecutor v. Alfred Musema, Case No. ICTR-96-13-T, Judgement, 27 January 2000 (“Musema Trial Judgement”), paras. 166-7; Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic, Case Nos IT-95-5-R61 and IT-95-18-R61, Review of the Indictments Pursuant to Rule 61 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 11 July 1996 (“Karadzic and Mladic Review”), paras. 94-95; Jelisic Appeal Judgement, paras. 47-49; Sikirica et al. Judgement on Defence Motions to Acquit, para. 61: “the requisite intent for the crime of genocide will have to be inferred from the evidence”. Rutaganda Appeal Judgement, para. 525: “En l’absence de preuves explicites directes, le dolus specialis peut donc se déduire d’un ensemble de faits et de circonstances pertinentes”.
1113 - Kayishema and Ruzindana Trial Judgement, para. 93.
1114 - Prosecutor v Milan Milutinovic, Nikola Sainovic & Dragoljub Ojdanic, Case No. IT-99-37-AR72, Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise, (Ojdanic Decision) 21 May 2003, para. 20.
1115 - Ibid.
1116 - Kunerac Trial Judgement, para. 390; see also Kvocka Trial Judgement, para. 251.
1117 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 248.
1118 - Ibid.
1119 - Semanza Trial Judgement and Sentence, para. 394.
1120 - Decision on Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgement of Acquittal, 31 October 2002, para. 50.
1121 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 644.
1122 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 642.
1123 - Semanza Trial Judgement and Sentence, para. 395.
1124 - Akayesu Trial Judgement, para. 527.
1125 - Musema Trial Judgement, para. 171-173.
1126 - Musema Trial Judgement, para. 174.
1127 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, paras 197 and 199.
1128 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 197.
1129 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 200.
1130 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, paras 204-210.
1131 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 211.
1132 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, paras 216-229.
1133 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 230.
1134 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 231.
1135 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, paras 235-242.
1136 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 267.
1137 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 268, citing judgements of the Tribunal.
1138 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, para. 272.
1139 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, paras 270-312.
1140 - Defence Final Brief, para. 306.
1141 - Defence Final Brief, paras 307-308.
1142 - Defence Final Brief, paras 328-329, referring to the testimony of General Wilmot.
1143 - Exh. S107.
1144 - Defence Final Brief, para. 325.
1145 - Exh. S152.
1146 - Defence Final Brief, paras 326-327.
1147 - Defence Final Brief, paras 331-361.
1148 - Defence Final Brief, paras 362-367.
1149 - Defence Final Brief, para. 370.
1150 - Defence Final Brief, paras 390-394.
1151 - The highest estimate of the population of Croats in Prijedor Municipality in 1991 is 7% (Witness A, T. 1794), while the more common estimate according to the 1991 census is 5.6% (Muharem Murselovic, T. 2682) or 5.5% (Mirsad Mujadzic, T. 3580).
1152 - Fourth Amended Indictment, para. 27.
1153 - Para. 89.
1154 - Exh. S96.
1155 - Exh. SK39.
1156 - Exh. S141.
1157 - Mico Kos, T. 9844-48; Petar Stanar, T. 14264.
1158 - Ranko Travar, T. 13467-68.
1159 - T. 9894.
1160 - T. 9898-99
1161 - T. 9915.
1162 - Prosecutor v Biljana Plavsic, Case No. IT-00-39&40/1, Sentencing Judgement, 27 February 2003.
1163 - T. 13877; T. 13904.
1164 - T. 14340.
1165 - T. 14342.
1166 - Ex parte Hearing - Prosecution (Stakic Defence not present), 25 March 2003, mentioned at T. 14340; Rule 65 ter (I) conference (Closed Session), 31 March 2003.
1167 - T. 14895.
1168 - T. 14895.
1169 - See Order to Vacate Order Summoning Biljana Plavsic, 2 April 2003, vacating the Order of 9 January 2003 summoning Biljana Plavsic proprio motu.
1170 - In particular, the Trial Chamber called Slavko Budimir, Ranko Travar and Slobodan Kuruzovic, all members of the Prijedor Crisis Staff in 1992.
1171 - Prosecution Final Brief, Appendix A, p. 34.
1172 - T. 15297.
1173 - Exh. S166; Charles McLeod, T. 5130, T. 5161-62.
1174 - Exh. S434.
1175 - Ewa Tabeau, T. 8414-17.
1176 - Exh. S187, p. 5; T. 5692.
1177 - Exh. S365-1, p. 4.
1178 - See e.g. Exh. S107; Exh. S353; Muharem Murselovic, T. 2905.
1179 - Ljubica Kovacevic, for example, testified that her husband Milan Kovacevic did not seem to like Drljaca because Drljaca once pulled a gun at him, T. 10180. Ranko Travar testified that Drljaca was very short tempered and not easy to work with, T. 13463. Slavko Budimir testified that like other members during discussions at meetings of the Crisis Staff, Dr. Stakic also expressed some different opinions and would get into some sort of conflict when discussing things with Drljaca, T. 12922.
1180 - See Exh. D99, article from “Kozarski Vjesnik” dated 9 April 1993 interviewing Simo Drljaca who comments on the co-operation between the civilian authorities and the police.
1181 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 302 and 395-96.
1182 - Defence Final Brief, para. 609.
1183 - Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-I-AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for an Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 Oct. 1995 (“Tadic Jurisdiction Decision”), para. 137.
1184 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, para. 141.
1185 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, para. 70.
1186 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 57.
1187 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 58.
1188 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 59.
1189 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 83.
1190 - Richard Wilmot, T. 14160.
1191 - Exh. S340, Report of Ewan Brown, pp. 28-30.
1192 - Exh. S363; Exh. S358; Exh. D168, Exh. D173; Exh. D174; Exh. D177; Exh. D180; Exh. D182; Exh. D184.
1193 - See e.g. Exh. S242-1, “Kozarski Vjesnik” of 17 July 1992.
1194 - Exh. S389-1.
1195 - Exh. S152.
1196 - Exh. S187.
1197 - See supra, Section II. 6.
1198 - See Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 68.
1199 - Emphasis added.
1200 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 367, Defence Final Brief paras 610-11.
1201 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, para. 94.
1202 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 399-401.
1203 - Defence Final Brief, para. 614.
1204 - See e.g. Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic, para. 485; Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic, para. 217; Prosecutor v. Miroslav Kvocka et al., para. 132.
1205 - See e.g. Schönke/Schröder Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, 26. Auflage, Cramer/Sternberg-Lieben. Section 15, para. 84.
1206 - See generally Fletcher, GP, Rethinking Criminal Law, (Oxford University Press, 2000), p.325-326.
1207 - In German law: Fahrlässigkeit.
1208 - Para. 44(4) of the Indictment, which was withdrawn by the Prosecution, see supra Section I. E. 5. (d).
1209 - Exh. SK45 and Exh. S262.
1210 - Witness B, T. 2263 (emphasis added).
1211 - See e.g. Exh. S91 and Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14437.
1212 - See supra Section I. E. 2 (a) (ii)
1213 - See supra Section III. B. 2 (a) (vi)
1214 - See supra Section III. B. 2.
1215 - See supra Section I. E. 3; Section I. E. 5.
1216 - See supra Section I. E. 3; Section I. E. 5 (a-c) and (e-i)
1217 - Exh. S407; See supra Section II. 7.
1218 - Exh. D92-92.
1219 - Exh. S187-1.
1220 - See supra para. 407.
1221 - Section I. E. 3. (h)
1222 - Exh. S79.
1223 - Section I. E. 3. (e-g)
1224 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14576-77.
1225 - Section II. 8.
1226 - Exh. S345.
1227 - Exh. S60.
1228 - Ewan Brown, T. 8588-90.
1229 - Ewan Brown, T. 8588-90.
1230 - Exh. S47 (emphasis added).
1231 - Exh. S389-1 (emphasis added).
1232 - Exh. S353, (emphasis added). See supra para. 366.
1233 - Witness F, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 1605-06; Witness T, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 2620.
1234 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6765 and Witness T, T. 2620.
1235 - Idriz Merdzanic, T. 7722-23, Witness DD, T. 9486-89.
1236 - Witness DH, T. 13518, see supra para. 142
1237 - Witness P, T. 3329-31.
1238 - Witness P, T. 3329-31.
1239 - Witness R, T.4273; Witness U, T. 6214-16 and Samir Poljak, T. 6333-34.
1240 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7074-75.
1241 - The Trial Chamber has previously stated that the word “ciscenje” refers to “mopping up” or “cleansing” of an area of the terrain, see supra para. 367.
1242 - Exh. S350; Exh. D178.
1243 - Exh. S350; Exh. D178, (emphasis added).
1244 - Exh. S240-1.
1245 - Exh. S240-1.
1246 - See supra para. 497.
. 1247 - Exh. S187, see supra para. 497.
1248 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 302.
1249 - Defence Final Brief, para. 397.
1250 - These elements are set out in the Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 85.
1251 - Kunarac Appeaal Judgement, para. 86.
1252 - Kunarac Appel Judgement, para. 86
1253 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 90.
1254 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 91.
1255 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 94.
1256 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 95.
1257 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 96.
1258 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 102.
1259 - See supra, para. 474.
1260 - General Wilmot, T. 14071.
1261 - Indictment, para. 41.
1262 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras. 315.
1263 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 316 and 318. The Prosecution largely relies on the judgements of the ICTR Trial Chambers in Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, para. 146 and Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, para. 81.
1264 - Defence Final Brief, para. 414, citing Prosecutor v. Mitar Vasiljevic.
1265 - Defence Final Brief, para. 416.
1266 - Defence Final Brief, para. 419.
1267 - Defence Final Brief, paras 421-22.
1268 - Defence Final Brief, paras 421-22.
1269 - Defence Final Brief, paras 429-31.
1270 - Defence Final Brief, para. 428.
1271 - Defence Final Brief, paras 432- 433.
1272 - Defence Final Brief, paras 434-435.
1273 - Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic, Trail Judgement, paras 496-497 and ILC Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 48th session, 6 May-26 July 1996, Official Documents of the United Nations General Assembly’s 51st session, Supplement no. 10 (A/51/10), Article 18, p. 118.
1274 - Krstic Trail Judgement, para. 501.
1275 - Vasiljevic Trail Judgement, para. 227.
1276 - Krstic Trail Judgement, paras 499-500.
1277 - Krstic Trail Judgement, para. 500 and ILC Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 48th session, 6 May-26 July 1996, Official Documents of the United Nations General Assembly’s 51st session, Supplement no. 10 (A/51/10), Article 18, p. 118.
1278 - Vasiljevic Trail Judgement, para. 227 and 587.
1279 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 318, citing the Kayishema Trial Judgement, para. 146.
1280 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 197.
1281 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 197.
1282 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 200.
1283 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 201, and paras 204-10.
1284 - See supra Section III. E. 1. (a).
1285 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 211.
1286 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 211.
1287 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 73-7, and 212.
1288 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 72.
1289 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 79 and 80.
1290 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 82.
1291 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 84.
1292 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 212.
1293 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 212.
1294 - Defence Final Brief, para. 411.
1295 - Defence Final Brief, para. 205.
1296 - Defence Final Brief, para. 404.
1297 - Defence Final Brief, para. 438.
1298 - Defence Final Brief, para. 405.
1299 - See supra Section III. F. 1. (b)
1300 - See supra Section III. E. 2. and Section III. F. 2. (b)
1301 - See supra Section I. E. 3. and Section I. E. 5. (a-c) and (e-i)
1302 - See supra Section I. E. 3. (b)
1303 - See supra Section I. E. 3. (h)
1304 - See supra Section III. E. 2. (b) (ii)
1305 - See supra Section I. D. 2. (d) (i)
1306 - See supra Section III. E. 2. (b) (ii)
1307 - See supra Section I. D. 1.
1308 - Exh. S187, p.4.
1309 - See supra Section III. B. 2. (b) (iii)
1310 - Exh. S187, p.4, see supra para. 497.
1311 - See supra para. 597.
1312 - Exh. S274, emphasis added.
1313 - Fourth Amended Indictment, paras 56-59.
1314 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 364.
1315 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 360.
1316 - Prosecution Final Brief of 5 May 2003, para. 362.
1317 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 366.
1318 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 366.
1319 - Defence Final Brief, para. 482.
1320 - Defence Final Brief, para. 485.
1321 - Defence Final Brief, para. 486.
1322 - Defence Final Brief, para. 487.
1323 - Defence Final Brief, para. 491.
1324 - Defence Final Brief, para. 483.
1325 - Defence Final Brief, para. 497.
1326 - Defence Final Brief, para. 498.
1327 - Defence Final Brief, para. 601.
1328 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 521.
1329 - The Krnojelac Trial Chamber referred to Article 6(c) of the Nuremberg Charter, to Article II (1)(b) of Control Council Law No. 10, to Article 5(c) of the Tokyo Charter, to the Nuremberg Judgement in which Baldur Von Schirach was convicted of deportation as a crime against humanity (Nuremberg Judgement, pp 317-319), to Article 11 of the International Law Commissions Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind (1954), to Article 18 of the ILC Draft Code of 1996, and to Article 7(1)(d) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 473. The Krnojelac Trial Chamber (para. 473) also referred to the Krstic Trial Chamber, which held that deportation is also prohibited in international humanitarian law as Article 2(g) of the Statute, Articles 49 and 147 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), Article 85(4)(a) of Additional Protocol I, Article 18 of the ILC Draft Code and Article 7(1)(d) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court all condemn deportation or forcible transfer of protected persons, Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 522.
1330 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 474, 1429.
1331 - Stakic Decision on Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgement of Acquittal, paras 131-132.
1332 - Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed., p. 450.
1333 - Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed., p. 450, citing Adolf Berger, “Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Roman Law”, 1953, p. 432.
1334 - Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed., p. 603 and Doucet/Fleck, français-allemand, 1, 4th ed., p. 450.
1335 - Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), UNSC, UN Doc. S/25704 (1993), paras 47 and 48; reprinted in 32 ILM (1993) 1163.
1336 - United Nations Security Council, resolution 827 (1993), S/RES/827 (1993), 25 May 1993 (emphasis added). See also UN Security Resolution 808, dated 22 February 1993, para. 6 of the preamble.
1337 - Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 7(1)(d) as defined in 7(2)(d).
1338 - Assembly of State Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1st session, 3-10 Sept. 2002, Part II.B. Elements of Crimes, ICC-ASP/1/3 (Emphasis added).
1339 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 523.
1340 - The Trial Chamber will in the future use ‘forced’ displacement to describe this element.
1341 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 475; Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 529; Kunarac et al Trial Judgement, para. 542.
1342 - Assembly of State Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1st session, 3-10 Sept. 2002, Part II.B. Elements of Crimes, ICC-ASP/1/3 (Emphasis added).
1343 - Article 6c reads “The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for which there shall be individual responsibility ?…g CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war; or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated”, Charter of the International Military Tribunal, annexed to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of 8 August 1945, 5 U.N.T.S. 251; U.K.T.S. 4 (1945), Cmd. 6671; (1945) 39 AJIL, Supp. 259.
1344 - Count Four (A) of the Nuremberg Indictment dealt with crimes against humanity “Murder, Extermination, Enslavement, Deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against civilian populations before and during the war” “in Germany and in all those countries and territories occupied by the German forces since 1 September 1939 and in Austria and Czechoslovakia and in Italy and on the High Seas” (emphasis added). The Nuremberg Indictment contained the allegation that civilians who were, who were believed to be, or who were believed likely to become hostile to the Nazi Government were held in “protective custody and concentration camps”, including the Buchenwald and Dachau concentration camps within the borders of Germany proper. The International Military Tribunal stated that “With regard to crimes against humanity there is no doubt whatever that political opponents were murdered in Germany before the war, and that many of them were kept in concentration camps in circumstances of great horror and cruelty”, International Military Tribunal, The Trial Of German Major War Criminals, Judgement: 30th September, 1946-1st October, 1946, p. 65.
1345 - Attorney General v. Adolf Eichmann, District Court of Jerusalem, Case No. 40/61, paras 200-206.
1346 - Naletilic and Martinovic Trial Judgement, para. 520 and 1362.
1347 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5549.
1348 - Exh. SK1; Exh. SK40; Exh. SK13.
1349 - Exh. S5.
1350 - Witness B, T. 2263.
1351 - Exh. S434.
1352 - Witness A, T. 1928.
1353 - Witness B, T. 2257.
1354 - Witness B, T. 2263.
1355 - Witness B, T. 2259.
1356 - Witness Z, T. 7576-79.
1357 - Witness C, T. 2343; Muharem Murselovic, T. 2772; Minka Cehajic, T. 3099.
1358 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14456, emphasis added.
1359 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14547.
1360 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14819.
1361 - Exh. S90.
1362 - Exh. S424; Exh. S43; and Exh. S435.
1363 - Witness B, T. 2244; Nermin Karagic, T. 5241; Witness S, T. 5972; Witness DD, T. 9588; Mico Kos, T. 9862; Branko Rosic, T. 12699; Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14530, T. 14878-79.
1364 - Exh. S87.
1365 - Exh. S63.
1366 - Exh. S187-1.
1367 - Exh. S187-1, emphasis added.
1368 - Exh. S354.
1369 - See supra paras 314-319.
1370 - Witness Z, T. 7580-81.
1371 - See supra paras 331-333.
1372 - Slavko Budimir, T. 13141.
1373 - Exh. S227-1.
1374 - Exh. D43-1, see supra para. 327.
1375 - Exh. D43.
1376 - Exh. D43-1, see supra paras 328-330.
1377 - Exh. S353.
1378 - Exh. S353 and Exh. S407.
1379 - Exh. S266.
1380 - Exh. S353.
1381 - Exh. D99.
1382 - Exh. S229.
1383 - Exh. D74.
1384 - Exh. S83, emphasis added.
1385 - Exh. S248.
1386 - Exh. S141, see supra paras 41-43.
1387 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 391.
1388 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 391.
1389 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 393.
1390 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 369.
1391 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 390.
1392 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 390, 1007.
1393 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 370.
1394 - Defence Final Brief, para. 504.
1395 - Defence Final Brief, para. 508.
1396 - Defence Final Brief, para. 507.
1397 - Defence Final Brief, para. 509.
1398 - Stakic Decision on Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgement of Acquittal, para. 131.
1399 - Stakic Decision on Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgement of Acquittal, para. 131.
1400 - Stakic Decision on Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgement of Acquittal, para. 131
1401 - Kupreskic et al. Trial Judgement, para. 563.
1402 - Ibid, para. 566.
1403 - Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), UNSC, UN Doc. S/25704 (1993), para. 34; reprinted in 32 ILM (1993) 1163
1404 - Indictment Count 6 (Persecutions), paras 52 - 55.
1405 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 319.
1406 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 322, citing Kvocka Trial Judgement, para. 186.
1407 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 322, citing Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 434, and Kupreskic Trial Judgement, para. 550.
1408 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 322, citing Kordic Trial Judgement, paras 194-196.
1409 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 356, quoting Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 212.
1410 - Defence Final Brief, para. 439, citing Tadic Trial Judgement, para. 697, and Kupreskic Trial Judgement, para. 621.
1411 - Defence Final Brief, para. 440, citing Kupreskic Trial Judgement, para. 621; Kordic Trial Judgement, paras 195-196 and Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 434; see also 413, citing Tadic Trial Judgement, paras 704-710, Kupreskic Trial Judgement, paras 610-613; Blaskic Trial Judgement, paras 220, 227, 234; Kordic Trial Judgement, paras 205-207.
1412 - Defence Final Brief, para. 440, citing Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 432.
1413 - Defence Final Brief, para. 440, citing Tadic Trial Judgement, para. 195 (mistake as to the victim’s ethnicity would still meet the required persecution elements); Krnojelac Trial Judgment, para. 431.
1414 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 244.
1415 - See already Tadic Trial Judgement, para. 713; and Naletilic and Martinovic Trial Judgement, para. 638.
1416 - Tadic Trial Judgement, para. 715 (emphasis added).
1417 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 245.
1418 - Naletilic and Martinovic Trial Judgement, para. 636 (emphasis in the original).
1419 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 246.
1420 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 246.
1421 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 246.
1422 - See already Kupreskic et al. Trial Judgement, para. 618 (emphasis in the original).
1423 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 247.
1424 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 247.
1425 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 446.
1426 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 248.
1427 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 249.
1428 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 249.
1429 - Vasiljevic Trial Judgement, para. 249.
1430 - See Münchener Kommentar, Strafgesetzbuch, Vol. 1, C.H. Beck, München, 2003, Section 25, Rn 88-94, (Joecks); and see e.g. Bundesgerichtshof, BGHSt. 35, 347-356.
1431 - Indictment, para. 54 (1) -(5).
1432 - See Section III. F. 2. (a).
1433 - Article 1,“Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment”, of 10 December 1984, UNTS vol. 1465, p. 85. The Convention entered into force 26 June 1987; G.A. Res. 39/46, Doc. A/39/51. This Convention is binding on BiH since 6 March 1992 as one of the successor States to SFRY.
1434 - Kunarac et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 142.
1435 - See supra para. 736.
1436 - Kunarac et al. Appeal Judgement, paras 127-128.
1437 - Kunarac et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 129.
1438 - Furundzija Trial Judgement, para. 186.
1439 - Kvocka et al. Trial Judgement, para. 190.
1440 - See supra para.736.
1441 - Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 346.
1442 - Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 591.
1443 - Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 352.
1444 - Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 205.
1445 - Ibid.
1446 - See supra para. 736.
1447 - Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 206, referring to the Nuremberg Judgement, pp. 248, 302.
1448 - Id., referring to the 1991 ILC Report, p. 268.
1449 - Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 206.
1450 - Kordic Trial Judgement, para. 207.
1451 - See supra para. 736.
1452 - See Section III. F. 4. (a) and (c).
1453 - Prosecution Final Brief, Appendix A, p. 9.
1454 - See Kupreskic et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 98.
1455 - The U.S. Military Tribunal in the Justice case included among the lesser forms of persecution the passing of “decrees expelling Jews from public services, educational institutions, and from many business enterprises.” See Josef Altstötter et al. (the Justice Trial), Trials of war criminals before the Nuremburg Military Tribunals, Vol. III, pp. 1063-1064; see also IMT Judgement, pp. 248-249.
1456 - See Section III. E. and F.
1457 - Witness S, T. 5906-07.
1458 - Exh. S212.
1459 - See Section I. E. 4. (a)-(c); Witness X, T. 6886-6914.
1460 - Witness Q, T. 3998-99.
1461 - See Section I. E. 4. (a), (b) and (c).
1462 - See Section I. E. 3.
1463 - See Section I. E. 4. (d).
1464 - See Section I. E. 4. (e).
1465 - See Section I. E. 4. (f). See also Exh. S15/32.
1466 - See e.g., Witness B, T. 2220-21 (in Tukovi); Nijaz Kapetanovic, T. 2950-52 (Prijedor); Witness Q, T. 3937-46 (Gomjenica); Nermin Karagic, T. 5260 (in Rizvanovici); Ivo Atlija, T. 5565, 5569-70 (Gornja Ravska); Witness V, T. 5740 (Carakovo).
1467 - See Section I. E. 4. (a).
1468 - Nada Markovska, T. 9932 and T. 9970; Kerim Mesanovic, 92 bis transcript in Kvocka, T. 5178-79.
1469 - Dzemel Deomic, 92 bis transcript in Tadic, T. 3272.
1470 - Jusuf Arifagic, T. 7087.
1471 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5235-36.
1472 - Witness A, T. 1850-51.
1473 - See Section I. E. 2. (a).
1474 - See Witness R, T. 4283.
1475 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2737.
1476 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6681-82; Witness K, 92 bis statement, para. 15.
1477 - Muharem Murselovic, T. 2736-37.
1478 - Idriz Merdzanic, T.7737-38.
1479 - See supra para. 736.
1480 - See Section I. E. 4. (c).
1481 - Witness Q, T. 3959-60.
1482 - Witness Q, T.3965-68.
1483 - Witness Q, T. 3968-69.
1484 - Witness Q, T. 4067-69.
1485 - Witness Q, T.3969-70.
1486 - Witness Q, T. 3970-71.
1487 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14838.
1488 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14839.
1489 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14842-43.
1490 - Slobodan Kuruzovic, T. 14855-57.
1491 - Section I. E. 4. (a) and (b).
1492 - See Section I. E. 2.
1493 - Nusret Sivac, T. 6627-28.
1494 - Witness R, T. 4283.
1495 - See supra para. 736.
1496 - Section I. E. 6.
1497 - See supra para. 736.
1498 - See Section I. E. 7.
1499 - Witness AA, 92 bis statement, pp. 3-4. See also Minka Cehajic, T. 3102, Witness H, 92 bis transcript in Sikirica, T. 2257, Beglerbegovic, T. 4142, and Witness DF, T. 10099.
1500 - See supra para 736.
1501 - See Section III. F. 4. (b) and (d).
1502 - Edward Vulliamy, T. 7984.
1503 - Exh. SK45.
1504 - Exh. S96; Section III. B. 2. (a) (ii).
1505 - See Section I. C. 1. and Section III. B. 2. (a), (ii).
1506 - See Section I. E. 2. (a).
1507 - See Section III. B. 2. (a) (iii).
1508 - Exh. S83.
1509 - Exh. S187-1.
1510 - Exh. S252 (emphasis added).
1511 - Exh. S187, p. 5.
1512 - See supra para. 18.
1513 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5203.
1514 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5290.
1515 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5206-07.
1516 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5205.
1517 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5206.
1518 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5291 and T. 5206 .
1519 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5291-92.
1520 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5291.
1521 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5209.
1522 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5209-10.
1523 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5211-12.
1524 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5213.
1525 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5214-15.
1526 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5215
1527 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5220.
1528 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5220-21.
1529 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5223.
1530 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5225.
1531 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5226.
1532 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5228.
1533 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5228.
1534 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5230.
1535 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5231.
1536 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5233.
1537 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5234.
1538 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5235.
1539 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5236-38.
1540 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5236.
1541 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5239.
1542 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5241.
1543 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5244.
1544 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5245.
1545 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5246-47.
1546 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5250.
1547 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5251.
1548 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5252-53.
1549 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5254
1550 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5254.
1551 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5258-59.
1552 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5261.
1553 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5263.
1554 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5265.
1555 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5267.
1556 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5268.
1557 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5268.
1558 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5271.
1559 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5274-75.
1560 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5294.
1561 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5294.
1562 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5253-54.
1563 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5275.
1564 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5249.
1565 - Nermin Karagic, T. 5277.
1566 - Witness X, T. 6996.
1567 - Witness X, T. 6859.
1568 - Witness X, T. 6860-63.
1569 - Witness X, T. 6865-66.
1570 - Witness X, T. 6865.
1571 - Witness X, T. 6876.
1572 - Witness X, T. 6883.
1573 - Witness X, T. 6896.
1574 - Witness X, T. 6905.
1575 - Witness X, T. 6902-05.
1576 - Witness X, T. 6907.
1577 - Witness X, T. 6911-17.
1578 - Witness X, T. 6918.
1579 - Witness X, T. 6918-19.
1580 - Witness X, T. 6888.
1581 - Witness X, T. 6928.
1582 - The Appeals Chamber first articulated the applicable test in the Celebici case and this approach was subsequently accepted by the Appeals Chamber in the Kunarac case. See Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 412 and Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 168.
1583 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 412 and Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 168.
1584 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 413 and Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 168.
1585 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 177.
1586 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 176. See also Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 674.
1587 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 178.
1588 - Rutaganda Trial Judgement, para. 422.
1589 - Akayesu Trial Judgement, para. 744. See also paras 469-470.
1590 - Akayesu Appeal Judgement, Disposition.
1591 - Rutaganda Trial Judgement, para. 424.
1592 - See section VII below.
1593 - See Section III. F. 5. (a) (ii) (b.).
1594 - A fortiori, where it is permissible to enter convictions under Articles 3 and 5 of the Statute for murder, it is appropriate to convict for murder as an act under the chapeau of persecution.
1595 - Following the order of paragraph 54 of the Indictment.
1596 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 818; Kunarac Appeal Judgement, paras 347-349.
1597 - The Criminal Code of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, adopted by the SFRY Assembly at the session of the Federal Council held on 28 September 1976, published in the Official Gazette SFRY no. 44 of 8 October 1976, took effect on 1 July 1977 (“SFRY Criminal Code”).
1598 - Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949.
1599 - Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol I), 8 June 1997 and Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol II), 8 June 1997.
1600 - Article 34 and Article 38 SFRY Criminal Code.
1601 - Rule 101(A)
1602 - Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 44/128 of 15 December 1989.
1603 - See Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention on Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms concerning the Abolition of the Death Penalty, of 28 April 1983, ETS No. 144. Council of Europe resolution 1044 (1994) obliges all new member States to sign and ratify Protocol 6 and introduce a moratorium on executions.
1604 - e.g. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro became members of the Council of Europe on 24 April 2002 and 3 April 2003 respectively. Protocol No. 6 entered into force for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 August 2002.
1605 - See e.g. Article 13 of the "Codigo Penal de la Republica Argentina", Libro Primero ,"Disposiciones Generales", Titulo II "De las penas" which reads in its relevant parts (unofficial translation): " A person sentenced to life imprisonment who has served 20 years of the sentencing... having complied regularly with the rules of the prison, can obtain his/her freedom by means of a judicial decision, after a report from the prison authorities and under the following conditions"... Section 57a of the German Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) reads in its relevant parts (unofficial translation): “Suspension of the Remainder of a Punishment of Imprisonment for Life: (1) The court shall suspend execution of the remainder of a punishment of imprisonment for life and grant probation, if:1. fifteen years of the punishment have been served; 2. the particular gravity of the convicted person’s guilt does not require its continued execution.”
1606 - Prosecution Final Brief, para 412.
1607 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 413-419.
1608 - Prosecution Final Brief, para 429.
1609 - Prosecution Final Brief, para 430.
1610 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 431-432.
1611 - Prosecution Final Brief, para 434.
1612 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 438-439 (emphasis in the original).
1613 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 440-452.
1614 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 457.
1615 - Defence Final Brief, para. 669.
1616 - Defence Final Brief, para. 629.
1617 - Defence Final Brief, paras 630-632.
1618 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 185; Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 806
1619 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 185.
1620 - Integrationsprävention, see German Constitutional Court, BVerfGE 90, 145 (173); BVerfGE 45, 187 (255f). See also Radke in Münchner Kommentar, Strafgesetzbuch, Vol. 1, §§1-51 (München, 2003).
1621 - Kupreskic Trial Judgement, para. 852, endorsed by the Appeals Chamber in Aleksovski, para. 182. See also Furundzija Appeal Judgement, para. 249 and Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 1225, the gravity of the offence is “by far the most important consideration, which may be regarded as the litmus test for the appropriate sentence.”
1622 - See supra Section I. 5.
1623 - See supra Section I. 9.
1624 - Kunarac Trial Judgement, para. 850
1625 - See also Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 745. See supra para. 465.
1626 - Prosecutor v Elizaphan and Gérard Ntakirutimana, Case No. ICTR-96-10-T & ICTR-96-17-T, Judgement and Sentence, 21 February 2003, para. 910.
1627 - Kayishema and Ruzindana Sentencing Judgement, para 26.
1628 - Minka Cehajic, T. 3076-7.
1629 - Minka Cehajic, T. 3161.
1630 - Witness Z, T. 7556-8.
1631 - Witness Z, T. 7559.
1632 - Witness Z, T. 7560.
1633 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5649-50.
1634 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5651.
1635 - Ivo Atlija, T. 5651.
1636 - Prosecution Final Brief, paras 451-452.
1637 - Kunarac Trial Judgement, para. 847; Sikirica et al. Sentencing Judgement, para 110.
1638 - T. 8929.
1639 - T. 5287-5288
1640 - T. 6800, T. 6844-45
1641 - T. 6839
1642 - Exh. D128
1643 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 362
1644 - Kunarac Appeal Judgement, para. 33.
1645 - See also analysis of Srdja Trifkovic, T. 13737-38, T. 13825-28.
1646 - Mirsad Mujadzic, T.3901.
1647 - Dr. Ibrahim Beglerbegovic, T. 4208-09.
1648 - Mico Kos, T. 9850.
1649 - Stoja Radakovic, T. 11054.
1650 - Vladimir Makovski, T. 9704.
1651 - Vladimir Makovski, T. 9708.
1652 - Witness W, T. 6839-42, see also Momir Pusac, T.10906-07.
1653 - Exh. S187.
1654 - For example, Vladimir Makovski, who taught Dr. Stakic as a boy, testified that Dr. Stakic had an uneasy time in politics and may have been manipulated, as he may have believed lies told by others. He testified that others “may have used this, his human kindness, to simply manipulate him as a human being, as a young human being.” T. 9760 and T. 9788. Markovski added, however, that he “had no idea really about political life or what was going on, or about Dr. Stakic’s work in that period”. T. 9776.
1655 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 821; Kupreskic Appeal Judgement, para. 443
1656 - See Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 511, following the Furundzija Appeal Judgement para. 247 and Tadic Sentencing Appeal Judgement para. 69 which states: “there is in law, no distinction between the seriousness of a crime against humanity and a war crime” reaffirming that penalties should be fixed in reference to the circumstances of the case. These cases departed from the earlier decisions in the Erdemovic Appeal Judgement, paras 20-27 and Tadic Sentencing Judgement, paras 27-29, which held that a crime against humanity was inherently more serious that a war crime and should entail a heavier sentence all else being equal. The later cases here, followed the dissenting opinions of Judge Li in the Erdemovic Appeal and Judge Robinson in Tadic Sentencing Judgement.
1657 - Tadic Judgement in Sentencing Appeals, para 55.
1658 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 847.
1659 - Prosecution Final Brief, para. 457.
1660 - See for example the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, Fourth Revision, 1997, Article 30: “No one shall be subjected to a sentence or security measure that involves deprivation or restriction of liberty for life or for an unlimited or indefinite term.”
1661 - Practice Direction on the Procedure for the Determination of Applications for Pardon, Commutation of Sentence and Early Release of Persons Convicted by the International Tribunal, IT/146, 7 April 1999.
1662 - The Trial Chamber finds the Prijedor Book of Missing Persons to be an unreliable source for the purpose of criminal proceedings, since the provenance of this document was never established in court. There may be reasons for the disappearance of a person that are not related to the crimes brought before this Trial Chamber. Therefore, the names of victims listed exclusively in this Book will be struck for lack of evidence.
1663 - See e.g. Sikirica Judgement, para. 115.
1664 - Exhibit S282.
1665 - The Prosecutor v Simo Drljaca and Milan Kovacevic, case no. IT-97-24, Review of the Indictment, 13 March 1997.
1666 - The Prosecutor v Milan Kovacevic IT-97-24-PT, Indictment deleting co-accused, 12 May 1998.
1667 - The Prosecutor v Milan Kovacevic IT-97-24-PT, statement concerning the death of Dr. Kovacevic, 4 August 1998.
1668 - The Prosecutor v Milan Kovacevic, Order Terminating the Proceedings Against Milan Kovacevic, 24 August 1998.
1669 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24.
1670 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-PT, Motion objecting to the form of the Second Amended Indictment, 19 October 2001.
1671 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-PT, Decision on the Defence motion objecting to the form of the Indictment, 13 November 2001.
1672 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24, Motion objecting to the jurisdiction of the ICTY, 20 October 2001.
1673 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24, Decision on the Defence motion objecting to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, 30 October 2001.
1674 - Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995.
1675 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-AR-72, Defence interlocutory appeal to the Trial Chamber’s decision on motion challenging jurisdiction, 13 November 2001. The Prosecution filed a response on 23 November 2001.
1676 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-AR-72, Decision on application for leave to appeal, 19 February 2002.
1677 - The Prosecutor v Radoslav Brdanin and Momir Talic, Case No. IT-99-36-T – It has to be noted that Mr. Talic died in the meantime in his home country after having been provisionally released beforehand due to his state of health.
1678 - The Prosecutor v Radoslav Brdanin, Momir Talic and Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-99-36-PT & Case No. IT-97-24-PT, Prosecution’s motion for a joint hearing of evidence common to the cases of Prosecutor v Brdanin and Talic and Prosecutor v Milomir Stakic, 8 January 2002.
1679 - The Prosecutor v Momir Talic Case No IT-99-36-PT, Response to the Prosecutor’s motion for a joint hearing of evidence common to the cases The Prosecutor v Brdanin and Talic and The Prosecutor v Stakic, 9 January 2002
1680 - The Prosecutor v Brdanin and Talic and The Prosecutor v Stakic, Case No. IT-99-36-PT & Case No. IT-97-24-PT Decision on Prosecution’s motion for a Joint Hearing, 11 January 2002.
1681 - Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24, Status Conference, 18 January 2002, T. 1458.
1682 - Prosecutor v Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-T, Prosecution notice of specific allegations from the Fourth Amended Indictment which are conceded as not proven, 30 September 2002.
1683 - Defendant Milomir Stakic’s motion for acquittal pursuant to Rule 98 bis, 9 October 2002.
1684 - T. 8986-9042.
1685 - Prosecutor v Milomir Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-T, Prosecution’s motion for reconsideration of commencement date of the Accused’s case, 16 October 2002.